<p>The Sentinel Building is a historic building located at 232 East Broadway in Centralia, Illinois. The building was constructed in 1881 to serve as the headquarters and printing press of the Centralia Sentinel, Centralias daily newspaper. Renovations in 1922 and 1929 converted the buildings design to the Egyptian Revival style; the change reflected the Sentinels slogan, "Egypts Greatest Daily", which was chosen since the newspaper served the Little Egypt region. The entrance to the building features yellow reed molding, pharaoh heads on either side, and a cavetto cornice. Terra cotta plaques with Egyptian motifs decorate the buildings upper story, and lotus-patterned terra cotta trim adorns its parapet. The buildings lobby includes an 11 ft tall panel depicting a scene from the Temple of Edfu as well as Egyptian-inspired detailing.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Calendar Rohrbough House is a historic house located at 3rd and Washington Streets in Kinmundy, Illinois. The Italianate house was built in 1875 for Calendar Rohrbough, a local merchant and politician. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed in the Italianate style. A verandah wraps around the south and west sides of the house; the verandah features scroll brackets on its cornice and at the top of its supporting posts. Scroll brackets also decorate the cornice of the houses hip roof. The houses exterior windows are tall, narrow, and topped by arched brick lintels. The interior of the house features several rooms arranged around a central hallway and staircase; the rooms are decorated with oak trim, and the doors are topped with oak grilles. The Illinois Historic Structures Survey named the house as the best surviving example of the style in Kinmundy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The houses first owner, Calendar Rohrbough, was born in Upshur County, Virginia and moved to Kinmundy in 1857. He served in the Civil War for the Union Army from 1862 to 1865, achieving the rank of captain as a member of the 118th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After returning to Kinmundy, Rohrbough founded the Kinmundy First National Bank and the Kinmundy Savings and Loan Association. He was also active in politics and was elected mayor of Kinmundy before attempting a run for USA Congress in 1888. After Rohrboughs death, Fred O. Grissom purchased the house in 1925. Grissom also served as mayor of Kinmundy; in addition, he served as the city&#39;s postmaster for twenty-three years and as editor and publisher of the Kinmundy Express for eighteen. Grissom lived in the house until his death in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Railroad Water Tower and Pump House are a water tower and pump house in Kinmundy, Illinois, which served the Illinois Central Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Illinois Central first built a line through Kinmundy in 1856. As steam engines could only carry a limited water supply at the time, the railroad was dependent on local sources of water near the towns it stopped at. Since these sources were often unreliable, the railroad created its own water supply in several locations. Kinmundy, where the railroad created a 28 acre reservoir, was one such town. The water tower and pump house stored water from the lake and transported it to steam trains.</p><br>
<p>Similar towers were located every 15 to 20 mi along the line; the towers were used until the Illinois Central ceased to use steam locomotives in the 1950s. In 1951, the city of Kinmundy purchased the water tower and pump house for municipal use.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The tower is one of two remaining wooden water towers along Illinois Central lines in Illinois, and as the town&#39;s depots have been demolished, the two buildings are the only extant structures representing Illinois Central service to Kinmundy.</p><br>
<p>The structures were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. They comprise one of Kinmundy&#39;s two National Register listings, along with the Calendar Rohrbough House.</p><br>
<p>The Badollet House is one of three properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the Marion County, Illinois county seat of Salem. The house was built for businessman Howard Badollet and his wife. The house was designed in the Italianate style and is the only surviving Italianate home in Salem. The two-story brick house consists of a front section completed in 1854 and a rear wing finished the following year. The decorative elements of the house were most likely added in the 1860s or 1870s. The house&#39;s hip roof features overhanging eaves and a bracketed cornice. The original front porch was replaced by a simpler two-story porch around 1900.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Charles and Naomi Bachmann House is a historic house located at 401 S. Walnut St. in Salem, Illinois. The house was built in 1929 for Charles Bachmann, a local furniture salesman, and his wife Naomi. Architect William Morrow designed the house using a plan from a book published by the Architects Small House Service Bureau. The Architects Small House Service Bureau, which was endorsed by the American Institute of Architects, was organized to provide plans for builders of small houses, most of whom could not afford professional architects. The Bachmann Houses plan incorporated elements of the Classical Revival and Mediterranean Revival styles. The houses design features two second-floor iron balconies with decorative acanthus brackets, a pediment above the front door, and a tile roof.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is one of three properties in Salem listed on the Register. The other two properties, also houses, are the William Jennings Bryan Boyhood Home and the Badollet House.</p><br>
<p>The William Jennings Bryan Boyhood Home is a historic house located at 408 S. Broadway in Salem, Illinois. The house was the birthplace and boyhood home of William Jennings Bryan, three-time Democratic Party nominee for president. The two-story frame house was built in 1852 for Silas Bryan, an Illinois State Senator and father of William Jennings Bryan. William Jennings Bryan was born in the home in 1860.</p><br>
<p>The city of Salem operates the home as a museum, including information and memorabilia about Bryan, his politics and his times. Bryan himself donated the house to the city in the early 1900s, as he wished for it to become a museum. The house features two main rooms in the front, a kitchen and a dining room in back, and three bedrooms upstairs.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Vienna Public Library, also known as Vienna Carnegie Library, is a Carnegie library at 401 Poplar St. in Vienna, Illinois. It was built in 1911 with a $5000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation. The brick building, designed by local architect Thomas Clymer, features a tall flight of stairs leading to the front entrance; two pilasters flank the staircase. The building provided a permanent home for Viennas library program, which was established in 1895 and had rotated through a number of local buildings prior to 1911. County medical services have also been based in the library: The American Red Cross used the building as its headquarters during a 1917 influenza outbreak, and a trachoma clinic operated in the basement from 1936 to 1964. The building has also been used as a gym, a headquarters for city services, and a meeting place for several womens organizations and the Johnson County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 24, 1995. It is one of two buildings on the National Register in Johnson County, along with the Johnson County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Embarras River Bridge is a bridge in Jasper County, Illinois, which carries Wade Township Road 164 across the Embarras River. The south end of the bridge is in the city of Newton, while the northern end is in Wade Township. The Pratt through truss bridge was built in 1890 by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company to replace a derelict wooden bridge. At 148 ft in length, the bridge is relatively long for a Pratt truss bridge. The bridge is the only Pratt through truss bridge in the county and is one of the oldest truss bridges of any type in the state.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 20, 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 renovations began to make the bridge into a biking and walking trail called Eagle Trails. Remodling was completed in 2015 and is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The C. H. Judd House is a historic farmhouse located in rural Jefferson County, Illinois, near the village of Belle Rive. The brick Victorian home was constructed in 1881. Most farmhouses constructed in Jefferson County in the 1880s were frame buildings, and few houses were built of sturdier brick. Furthermore, the majority of the brick farmhouses were either destroyed in an 1888 tornado or demolished, and the Judd House is the only surviving brick farmhouse from the era. The house was the home of C. H. Judd, a wealth farmer and local politician.</p><br>
<p>The Judd House has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Jefferson County, the other being the 5th District Appellate Court in Mount Vernon.</p><br>
<p>As of the summer of 2008, it has been recently purchased by Brian and Zhonette Boots who are planning to renovate the house, barn and grounds into Chateau Belle Rive Lavender Farm and Vineyard. The opening of the grounds is set for the spring of 2009.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1990s the farmhouse was operated as Enchanted Crest Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The 5th District Appellate Court is located in Mount Vernon, Illinois, an incorporated town in Jefferson County. The building was originally constructed for the southern division of the Illinois Supreme Court, which was created by the 1848 Illinois constitution. Construction on the Greek Revival building began in 1854. Illinois&#39; 1870 constitution established appellate courts, and this building then shared space with the fourth district until 1897 when all supreme court sessions moved to Springfield. The building presently houses the 5th District Appellate Court.</p><br>
<p>This building has been on the National Register of Historic Places since July 2, 1973. It is one of two sites on the National Register in Jefferson County; the other, in the village of Belle Rive, is the C. H. Judd House.</p><br>
<p>The Aaron G. Cloud House, now the McCoy Memorial Library, is a historic house in McLeansboro, Illinois, which is now used as the city&#39;s public library. The house was built in 1884 for Aaron G. Cloud, the founder of the Cloud State Bank; it has served as a library since 1922. The Reid Brothers, an architectural firm from Evansville, Indiana, designed the home. The red brick house features a central tower with a pyramidal roof atop the front entrance, a semicircular bay on the front facade, and an entrance porch spanning three bays of the building. The house includes Eastlake Style ornamentation throughout its design. The house includes nine interior fireplaces; the four fireplaces on the first floor are surrounded by decorative wood and tiles.</p><br>
<p>The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The St. James Episcopal Church is an Episcopal church located at 111 N. Pearl St. in McLeansboro, Illinois. The Gothic Revival church was built in 1880–81. The brick church features a 50 ft bell tower and a steep gable roof. The walls of the church are supported by brick buttresses with stone caps. The church includes a variety of stained glass windows, including a rose window in the western gable, a round window above the altar, and a tall central window depicting Jesus as the Good Shepherd. The majority of the church&#39;s remaining windows are Gothic pointed arch windows.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 24, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Paxton First Schoolhouse, located at 406 E. Franklin St., is the oldest remaining building in Paxton, Illinois. Built in 1856-57, the building served as the first school in Paxton. It was also used as a church and a meeting hall by many of Paxton&#39;s early settlers. The school moved to a new building in the 1860s, and the First Schoolhouse became a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1980. It is one of four sites on the National Register in Paxton and one of five in Ford County.</p><br>
<p>The Paxton Water Tower and Pump House are a historic water tower and pump house located at 145 S. Market St. in Paxton, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were built in 1887 to provide a steady water supply to Paxton. Prior to their construction, Paxton had considerable difficulty with its water supply; a fire which destroyed much of the citys downtown in 1870 had been exacerbated by the fire departments low water supply, and an artesian well project started in 1872 was unsuccessful. The new water tower and pump house were the first in a series of infrastructure improvements which spurred the economic development of Paxton. The two buildings were built with brick. The octagonal water tower is 80 ft tall. There used to be a water tank on top of the pump house tower which was missing in latest years.</p><br>
<p>The buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It is one of four sites on the National Register in Paxton and one of five in Ford County.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred Phillips House is a historic house located at 404 N. Melvin St. in Gibson City, Illinois. The 1903 Queen Anne house was designed by Bloomington architect George H. Miller. The front of the house features a Classical porch supported by Doric columns, which was rebuilt in 1997. A large gable on the front facade is decorated with diamond-patterned wood shingles. The roof is composed of two hips and four cross gables, including the one in front. Alfred Phillips, the house&#39;s first owner, was a local farmer and livestock salesman.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 1999. It is one of five sites on the National Register in Ford County and the only one in the county outside of Paxton, the county seat.</p><br>
<p>The Floyd and Glenora Dycus House is a historic house located at 305 S. Second St. in Brownstown, Illinois. The house was built in 1926 for Floyd and Glenora Dycus. Floyd Dycus was a prominent businessman in Brownstown; his businesses included a moving company, a dairy business, and a restaurant and truck stop on USA Route 40. Floyd also served as Brownstown&#39;s village president from 1929 to 1935. The house was built by carpenters Andrew and Charles Reeter from plans drawn by Glenora Dycus; it was designed in the Craftsman style. The entrance to the house is in a full-length front porch supported by tapered columns. The house has an intersecting roof pattern which features a half-hipped component protruding from a gable roof.</p><br>
<p>The Dycus House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 2001. It is one of four Fayette County sites on the Register; the other three are in Vandalia.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church is a museum and former Presbyterian church located at 301 W. Main St. in Vandalia, Illinois. The church was built in 1868 on the site of the first Protestant church in Illinois. The first church at the site, the House of Divine Worship, was a non-denominational church built in 1823 by the Illinois State Legislature; at the time, Vandalia was the state capital, and the governors house was located next to the church. The Presbyterian church, built after the state capital moved to Springfield, was designed in the Gothic Revival style. The red brick church has a 60 ft tall bell tower. The church has twelve Gothic pointed arch windows; each window has an oval stained glass pattern depicting a religious scene. Vandalias Presbyterian congregation left the building for a new church in the 1960s, and the building is now used as the Fayette County Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 24, 1982. It is one of four sites on the National Register in Fayette County.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Charles M. Wright House is a historic house located at 3 W. Jackson St. in Altamont, Illinois. The house was built in 1889 for Charles M. Wright I and his family. Wright, one of the only doctors in western Effingham County until his retirement in 1878, ran the only bank in Altamont at the time. Architect Charles H. Spilman designed the house in the Italianate style. The brick house has an asymmetrical front facade with two bay windows to the left of the front entrance; the window bays are topped by a large half-hipped dormer. The house&#39;s cornice and the tops of the window bays are decorated with brackets. Charles M. Wright III, JD was the last member of the Wright family to live in the house. He died in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is one of two sites in Effingham County listed on the Register, along with the Effingham County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It has been open for tours since 2003.</p><br>
<p>It is owned and operated by Wright House Property Trust, First Mid Wealth Management Trustee. It is a not-for-profit, 501(C)3.</p><br>
<p>The advisory board composed of community members works with the bank representative and is responsible for tours and fundraisers conducted by volunteers.</p><br>
<p>The Effingham County Cultural Center and Museum is a historic building and museum located in Effingham, the county seat of Effingham County, Illinois. Built in 1871, the building was originally the Effingham County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was started in 1870 and completed in 1871 at a cost of roughly $30,000. Its style is known as Second Empire, a style popular in the United States during the latter part of the nineteenth century, coming from France&#39;s Second Empire period of the late 18th century. There have been two minor changes to the exterior; in 1913 the bell tower was changed from the Second Empire style to a simple square with a pyramidal roof; and somewhat later the southeast exterior door was changed to permit handicapped access and a small porch roof was added to shelter the door.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Effingham County constructed a new building, named the Effingham County Government Center, one block west of the 1871 courthouse, at which point the old courthouse was not longer used. Beginning in 2012, the old courthouse began use as a museum. The building has been listed on the US National Register of Historic Places since September 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin County Jail, located at 209 W. Main St. in Benton, is the former county jail of Franklin County, Illinois. The jail was built in 1905–06 to replace the countys previous jail, which was built in the 1840s after the county seat moved to Benton. Architect Joseph W. Royer designed the jail; the brick building features limestone trim, a hip roof with gabled dormers, and a front porch which was rebuilt in 1997. The building also included the county sheriffs residence, an arrangement which allowed for the sheriff to continuously watch the prisoners. The jail housed prisoners until 1990, when a new jail was constructed after the State of Illinois condemned the old building. The Franklin County Historic Preservation Society has since converted the old jail to a historic museum.</p><br>
<p>The jail building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is one of three listed properties in Franklin County. The other two are the Sesser Opera House, in Sesser and the West Frankfort City Hall, in West Frankfort.</p><br>
<p>The Sesser Opera House is a historic theater located at 106 W. Franklin Ave. in Sesser, Illinois. The theater was built in 1914 to replace a previous theater, which had been built in 1904 and burned down ten years later. The theater was designed in the Mission Revival style and features a stucco interior, a large arch around the entrance designed to resemble an arcade, and a projecting eave topped with Spanish tiles. The theater was used for plays and vaudeville entertainment, traveling musicians, and showing films; its predecessor was the first theater in Sesser to be built with a projection room. The building also hosted local meetings and events as well as entertainment performed by community members.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The Sesser Opera House is one of three Franklin County sites listed on the National Register. The other two are the West Frankfort City Hall in West Frankfort and the Franklin County Jail in the county seat of Benton.</p><br>
<p>West Frankfort City Hall, located at 108 N. Emma St., is the former city hall of West Frankfort, Illinois. The city hall was built in 1921 to serve the city, which had no city hall up until that time. West Frankfort was first settled in 1895, when the Frankfort railway station was built 1.5 mi west of Frankfort; the original city of Frankfort merged into West Frankfort in 1923. The city hall is a two-story brick building which was built by contractor S. M. Wilson at a cost of $35,000. It was used as the city hall through 1979, when a new City Hall was constructed; the building is now used for meetings of the West Frankfort Civic Center Authority.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2002. The City Hall is one of three properties in Franklin County listed on the National Register. The other two are the Sesser Opera House, in the city of Sesser, and the Franklin County Jail in the city of Benton.</p><br>
<p>The Asher Morton Farmstead is a farm located on Lower Terre Haute Road 4.5 mi south of Paris, Illinois. The farmstead was constructed circa 1860 by Asher Morton, an Ohioan who moved to the area in 1850. The farmhouse is an I-house, a vernacular style of house named for its popularity in the three Midwestern "I" states of Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. The house features two rooms on each floor with a central hall and staircase, the typical floor plan of the "Classic" style of I-house; however, the house has three front bays, while Classic I-houses typically had five. The exterior design of the house is influenced by the Greek Revival and Gothic Revival styles. The farmstead also includes a summer kitchen and a barn, which were also built by Morton.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 29, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Elting Memorial Library is the public library that serves the residents of the village and town of New Paltz, New York. It is located at 93 Main Street  in the village&#39;s downtown area. In addition to a collection typical of most college town libraries, Elting Memorial Library houses the Haviland-Heidgerd Historical Collection, the non-circulating genealogical and historical research collection, with a focus on the history of the Town and Village of New Paltz. This collection features "house books" that detail the history of local homes and buildings, including historic structures. The library gained notoriety in 2007 for a videotaped ghost visit that became the most popular online video about New Paltz.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally called the New Paltz Free Library, the library was founded by the New Paltz Study Club in 1909, and outgrew its space on lower Main Street by 1919. Native son and summer resident Philip Lefevre Elting purchased the "Old Elting Homestead" for library use in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The old stone house was for many years called the Solomon Eltinge Homestead, and though Solomon did purchase and live in the home, it was built by Thomas Owens. One of the earliest buildings on Main Street, it was erected around the same time as the Village of New Paltz was incorporated, and its location made it convenient for it to become a library in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The original building, considered the "final gasp of stone house architecture" in the area, It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2004. It is located within the New Paltz Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Services and structure</h2><br>
<p>As of 2019, the library serves some 14,000 area residents, circulating approximately 101,000 items a year. A member of the Mid-Hudson Library System, it also offers a range of programming including speakers, story times, reading nights, free movies and area employment and tourism information. The library is also a key member of the One Book, One New Paltz program.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2010, the Elting library began receiving the bulk of its funding through a substantial increase from the Town of New Paltz taxes as a result of referendum on the issue.</p><br>
<h3>The Haviland Heidgerd Historical Collection</h3><br>
<p>The librarys historic collection houses a significant collection of materials relevant to the local area. According to the librarys own web site, "It is considered to be one of the best local history collections in the Hudson Valley and is home to a wealth of primary, one-of-a-kind, local history documents. Residents, descendants of New Paltz’s founding families, visitors, scholars, and students use the collection’s resources to research area history and trace family and genealogical roots." The collection includes over 10,000 newspapers, photographs, periodicals, and yearbooks that date back as far as 1860.</p><br>
<h3>Governance</h3><br>
<p>Elting Memorial Library is an Association Library. The library is governed by a board of directors which includes four officers and eight additional members. The board oversees a library director and staff.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2024, the president of the board is Richard Heyl de Ortiz and the interim director of the library is Stephen Cook.</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Church  is a historic Episcopal church located at 61 Broad Street in the historic heart of Elizabeth, New Jersey. Now part of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey headquartered in Trenton, it was founded in 1706 by missionaries of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, London, England. The current building, consecrated in 1860, is in the neo-Gothic style, with a 126-foot Gothic style tower .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For almost four decades in the 18th century, Rev. Thomas Bradbury Chandler led this congregation and helped found what became the Episcopal Church in the United States. Massachusetts-born and a 1745 graduate of Yale College, Chandler became the lay reader and catechist for this parish in 1747, then sailed to England to complete his studies and was ordained by the Bishop of London in 1751, who formally installed him as this parishs rector despite remaining overseas. For much of his career, Chandler worked to establish the Church of England in the mid-Atlantic colonies, including publishing several works advocating a bishop based in North America, despite the opposition of the Presbyterian and Congregational churches. Following his Tory sympathies and fearing threats from the Sons of Liberty, Chandler fled to England in 1775, where he remained during the American Revolutionary War, only to accept the congregations invitation and return to Elizabethtown and resume his duties during the last five years of his life. He cited health reasons for refusing to become the first Church of England bishop in North America, and died about a year after the 1789 founding of the Episcopal Church as an entity distinct from the Church of England. The Episcopal Church recognizes Rev. Chandler liturgically on August 17 (together with his mentor Rev. Samuel Johnson and fellow colonial-era priest Rev. Timothy Cutler), his son-in-law Bishop John Henry Hobart on September 17, and his grandson Bishop William Hobart Hare on May 17.</p><br>
<p>Although this parish would gain a reputation for ecumenical tolerance, Rev. Chandler forbad famed revival preacher George Whitefield from preaching in his pulpit during the winter of 1763–64 but did marry the parents of Elizabeth Ann Seton, who would become the first American-born Roman Catholic saint. Nonetheless, for nearly 150 years both Anglicans/Episcopalians and Roman Catholics worshiped together at St. John&#39;s until the first Roman Catholic Church was established in Elizabeth in 1855, St. Mary of the Assumption Roman Catholic Church. However, the monthly Eucharist/Mass was always presided over by an Anglican/Episcopal vicar or rector or priest.</p><br>
<h2>1860 church building</h2><br>
<p>The current church building, consecrated in 1860, was designed after St. Mary&#39;s University Anglican Church (interior) in Oxford, England, and Merton College, Oxford (exterior). It seats approximately 700 and is the largest Episcopal worship site in New Jersey. It once had five of the largest Tiffany stained glass windows in the USA Underneath is the unmarked burial site of the youngest signer of the USA Constitution, USA Senator Jonathan Dayton.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>St. John&#39;s has always been an ecumenical church and remains so today, but its governing body, the Vestry, is and was always composed of confirmed Episcopalians/Anglicans. Its principal Sunday worship service now is the Holy Eucharist/Mass.</p><br>
<p>The church founded the Habitat for Humanity affiliate for eastern Union County in 1993 which was active until 2020. It is known as a lively sponsor of community social services and feeds as many as 150 persons a free meal each Sunday following the 11:00 Spanish worship service which is a Spanish Eucharist with contemporary Spanish music, followed by a community fiesta at 12:15 Visitors are always welcome! The Rector Emeritus is the Rev. Joseph R. Parrish Jr., who served there from July 1989 until his retirement in July 2013; the Rev. Jorge Martinez serves as Priest-in-Charge. For 14 years, from September 2000 until 2014, the church telecast its church services each Sunday at 9:00 am on Elizabeth Cablevision Channel 18. The church&#39;s Sunday service is now broadcast on its Facebook page.</p><br>
<h2>Churchyard and notable interments</h2><br>
<p>St. Johns Episcopal Churchyard is a cemetery on the grounds of St. Johns Episcopal Church. Notable interments in the church itself or the surrounding churchyard include:</p><br>
<p>US Senator Jonathan Dayton (1760–1824), youngest person to sign the United States Constitution.</p><br>
<p>John De Hart (1727–1795), Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1776 to 1777.</p><br>
<p>Isaac W. Scudder (1816–1881), represented New Jersey&#39;s 7th congressional district from 1873 to 1875.</p><br>
<p>The Lee–Fendall House is a historic house museum and garden located in Old Town Alexandria, Virginia, United States, at 614 Oronoco Street. Since its construction in 1785, the house has served as home to thirty-seven members of the Lee family , hundreds of convalescing Union soldiers , the prominent Downham family , the family of powerful labor leader John L. Lewis , and enslaved or free servants of those families.</p><br>
<p>The 1785 house, standing on its original half-acre lot, is in the vernacular "telescopic style" of architecture similar to many Maryland homes, but rare in northern Virginia (see below). The house was renovated in 1850, adding Greek Revival and Italianate elements to the original structure.</p><br>
<p>The historic home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for state significance and the Virginia Landmarks Register, and is a documented contributing feature to the National Historic Landmark District of Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The property is now owned and operated by the Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation. It is run as the Lee–Fendall House Museum and Garden, providing exhibits, tours, and special programs.</p><br>
<h2>Home of the Lees</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In November 1784, former Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General, Senator, and Governor of Virginia) Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III purchased three one-half acre lots in Alexandria from Baldwin Dade, a merchant. On December 4, 1784, Lee sold one of these tracts to his father-in-law Philip Richard Fendall I, Esq., for three hundred pounds. Fendall, using enslaved laborers, began building the Lee–Fendall House (for much of its life called the Phillip Fendall House), for his second wife, Elizabeth (Steptoe) Lee, in the spring or early summer of 1785. The lot was located on the Southeast corner of Washington and Oronoco Street, then the edge of the city. At the time, very few structures were near, and the Fendalls had uninterrupted views of Oronoco Bay and the ships which docked there. To the north and west lay verdant fields of grass and clover. Alexandria was an up-and-coming social and political center in Northern Virginia. The architect is unknown, but the style is similar to that found at "Hard Bargain", an estate built by the Digges family, and located in Charles County, Maryland, from which Fendall hailed. It consisted of a "telescopic" design, which was synonymous with Maryland, and had three sections. A plat on a 1796 insurance policy shows eight buildings on the quarter block, valued at a total of $11,500, including an office, a two-story dwelling (probably for enslaved workers), a rabbit house, and a pigeon house. The main dwelling house was valued at $5,000. It is probable the grounds also included a small kitchen and an herb garden.</p><br>
<p>The house was completed by November 1785, when George Washington wrote in his diary dated November 10, 1785: "Went up to Alexandria to meet the Directors of the Potomack Company and dined at Mr. Fendalls (who was from home) and returned in the evening with Mrs. Washington." The Fendalls are mentioned in Washingtons 1785-1786 diaries more than anyone outside his own family, and Washington dined there at least seven times in those years. Elizabeth was a favorite of George and Martha Washington, a frequent visitor to Mount Vernon, and frequent hostess to the Washingtons. Philip was one of the few men who were close friends with Washington and participated in his social coterie.</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolution, Alexandria, already known as "Washingtons Home Town", became known also as the "Home Town of the Lees". At "Lee Corner", the intersection of Washington and Oronoco Streets, stands the "Keystone", the Lee–Fendall House (formerly addressed as 429 North Washington Street). North across Oronoco are twin houses: 609 Oronoco, where Cornelia (Lee) Hopkins, daughter of William Lee, lived after her marriage to John Hopkins until her death in 1816, and 607 Oronoco, the last home of Light Horse Harry Lee, and known to the public as "Robert E. Lees Boyhood Home". Just across Washington Street to the West (#428) is the house built by Edmund Jennings Lee I, younger brother of Harry Lee. Directly South of the Lee–Fendall House, on the corner of Washington and Princess, is the house built by Hon. Charles Lee, Attorney General, another of Harry&#39;s brothers. Charles and Edmund married Lee sisters, Anne and Sally, daughters of Richard Henry Lee. The Lee–Fendall House is the only Lee family house on Historic Lee Corner that is presently a museum.</p><br>
<h3>Phillip R. Fendall and Henry Lee III families</h3><br>
<p>The Fendalls, through Elizabeths first marriage to Phillip Ludwell Lee Sr., had been living at Stratford Hall before moving to Alexandria. They had surrendered its proprietorship to Henry Lee III and his wife. Though continuing to live at Stratford Hall, Light-Horse Harry Lee spent a great deal of time with his relatives at the Fendall home in Alexandria. Philip R. Fendall was Harrys cousin and Mrs. Fendall (Philips second wife), Elizabeth (Steptoe) Lee, was Harrys mother-in-law. Matilda Lee was devoted to her mother, and many of Harrys letters are datelined "Alexandria", indicating he was at 614 Oronoco. Also Washingtons diary includes several entries about going to Alexandria and dining at Mr. Fendalls to meet Colonel Lee who had led Lees Legion (2nd Partisan Corps), a renowned cavalry unit, within Washingtons Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Both Mrs. Fendall and Matilda were in failing health in 1788, and the Lees spent the winter of 1788–1789 with the Fendalls. Harry Lee was still at the house in April 1789, when George Washington left Virginia to become the first President of the United States. Col. Dennis Ramsay, Mayor of Alexandria, asked Lee to write the farewell address for the first President, which the Mayor delivered at a dinner held for Washington by his fellow citizens on April 16 at Wises Tavern (201 North Fairfax Street). A decade later, in December 1799, Harry Lee was a USA Senator in Congress when Washington died. The Senate asked Lee to write the eulogy for the first President. It was in that speech that he penned the famous description of George Washington as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." After Washingtons death a large group of citizens met at Lee–Fendall House to make arrangements for Alexandria&#39;s participation in his funeral rites.</p><br>
<p>Phillip Fendall was financially and politically well-placed after the Revolutionary War. He was Secretary to his friend Washingtons Potomac Company, first President of the Bank of Alexandria, and an investor in land. His Lee relatives also had prominent places in local, state, and national governments while several made their homes in Alexandria. This prosperity did not last, as with many land speculators of the period, both Fendall and Harry Lee were impoverished and imprisoned for their debts. Due to these problems the house was deeded over to Richard Bland Lee, Harry Lees younger brother, in 1792.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth Fendall lived in the Lee–Fendall House from 1785 until her death in June 1789 probably from cancer. She died unexpectedly while on a trip that was to include a visit to her daughter Matilda at Stratford Hall. Matildas husband Harry Lee wrote to James Madison, Jr.: "You have heard of the loss we have met with in the death of Mrs. Fendall - better for her to be sure had this event taken place sooner & altho we are convinced of this truth yet our affliction is immoderate. Poor Mrs. Lee is particularly injured by it, as the affliction of mind adds to the infirmity of her body." Matilda was prostrated by the loss of her mother and the Lees remained in Alexandria many weeks after the funeral.</p><br>
<p>In 1791, Fendall married for a third time to Harry&#39;s sister, Mary "Mollie" Lee. He was now related to Light-Horse Harry Lee in three ways: as his cousin, step-father-in-law, and brother-in-law. Fendall died in 1805, but Mary Lee Fendall continued to live in the house with her two children, Philip Richard Fendall II, and Lucy Eleanor Fendall, until her death in 1827. At their marriage, Fendall had created a trust for Mollie, with her brothers Charles Lee and Richard Bland Lee with Richard M. Scott as trustees, to ensure she would continue to possess the house and its small farm to the north. By 1825, however, she was apparently destitute and moved across the river to a rooming house in Washington.</p><br>
<p>In 1811 with the assistance of his sister Mary Fendall, Harry Lee was able to rent the stately house at 607 Oronoco, which was owned by William Henry Fitzhugh (another Lee). It is certain that Gen. Robert Edward Lee, the son of Harry, was a frequent visitor of his Aunt Fendalls household across the street. The family resided at 607 until Robert left for West Point in 1825. The multiple tragedies of Harry Lees failed investments, injuries sustained at the hands of a Baltimore mob as he tried to defend a Federalist friend who had opposed the War of 1812, and his desperate search for health in Barbados, were too much, and Major General Henry Lee III died at Dungeness, Cumberland Island, Georgia on 25 March 1818 while trying to return to his family.</p><br>
<p>Although little is known of them, tax records show that the Fendalls owned 51 enslaved people in 1785, the year the house was built. Additional forced labor may have been hired from other slave owners. Two years after, in 1787, tax records show the Fendalls owning 17 enslaved people. In the 1820 Federal Census, Mollie Fendall is shown to have owned seven enslaved people. Some of the enslaved laborers may have lived in the back portion of the house.</p><br>
<h3>Edmund Jennings and Sally (Lee) Lee family</h3><br>
<p>One year after Mollie Fendall&#39;s death in 1827, her youngest brother Edmund Jennings Lee I bought the house at auction. While continuing to live across the street at 428 N. Washington, he leased Lee-Fendall out for several years. Edmund was also a brother of Light Horse Harry Lee. His wife Sally Lee was the youngest daughter of Richard Henry Lee, a Senator and signer of the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Edmund J. Lee was a lawyer, councilman, Mayor, Clerk of the Circuit Court, and vestryman of Christ Church. He was also a board member of the Alexandria Academy and active in other civic organizations. Despite his prominence, Edmund, like his brother Harry previously, encountered financial distress and was forced to first mortgage the house, then sell it at auction in 1833. In 1836, his son Edmund Jennings Lee II was able to buy the house. Edmund Sr. then moved from his home across the street at 428 Washington into the Lee–Fendall House. Sally died at Lee-Fendall in 1837. Edmund Sr. bought the house back from Edmund Jr. in 1839 and continued to live there until his death in 1843.</p><br>
<p>In 1841, former President John Quincy Adams visited Alexandria and stayed at the Lee–Fendall House. Edmund Sr. hosted a party at the house in his honor following a lecture at the Alexandria Lyceum.</p><br>
<p>In 1843, two of Edmund J. Lee&#39;s daughters, Hannah (Lee) Stewart and Sally Lee, inherited the House and leased it to Lucy Lyons Turner. Commonly known as "Aunt Turner", she was the granddaughter of Virginia Supreme Court Justice Peter Lyons and confidante of the Cassius Francis Lee, Sr. family. Cassius was a son of Edmund J. Lee I and a lifelong friend of cousin Robert E. Lee, son of Light-Horse Harry and later General of the Confederacy.</p><br>
<h3>Louis A. and Harriotte (Stuart) Cazenove family and renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1850, Louis Anthony Cazenove, a successful Alexandria merchant, bought the Lee family home for his new bride, Harriotte Stuart, daughter of Cornelia Lee Turberville Stuart and great-granddaughter of Richard Henry Lee, signer of the Declaration of Independence. The young couple were joined at the house by Louis&#39; daughters from his first marriage, Frances and Charlotte Louise, and his father Anthony Charles Cazenove, a French Huguenot immigrant from Geneva.</p><br>
<p>The Cazenoves renovated the home to include the latest styles and technologies. They added Greek Revival and Italianate embellishments to the original 1785 structure as well as the front and back porches, a third floor addition to the main section, and installed the first heating, plumbing, and servant bell systems in the house. They renovated the work yard into a Victorian pleasure garden, removing some outbuildings, adding a brick pathway around the perimeter, adding a greenhouse, planting trees (including the Magnolia, Black Walnut, and Gingko trees seen today), shrubs, and flowers.</p><br>
<p>When both Louis and A.C. Cazenove died in 1852, Harriotte was left to take care of Louis&#39; two daughters, her infant son, and the house. In 1856, Harriotte moved her small family to her new country home three miles up the road at Seminary Hill (616 Fort Williams Parkway). Named "Stuartland" after her family, the new two-story house had eight rooms, plus a kitchen, and was in a similar telescoping style to the Lee–Fendall House she left.</p><br>
<p>When the American Civil War brought invading forces to Harriott Cazenoves door, she fled with her son to her mothers home in Chantilly, Virginia. Union forces occupied Seminary Hill and probably turned Stuartland into a headquarters. General George McClellan may have lived in the home prior to the Peninsula Campaign in early 1862.</p><br>
<p>Harriotte Cazenove leased the Lee–Fendall House from the time she left (1856) into the beginning of the Civil War. From 1861 to 1863, she rented the house to a New York railroad contractor and his family.</p><br>
<h4>Malvina Harris</h4><br>
<p>Malvina Harris was a child nurse and freedwoman who worked for the Casenoves. She is listed in the 1850 census as a "mulatto" (mixed-race) woman, 30 years old, who could not read or write.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War Union Army Hospital</h3><br>
<p>In 1863, Edwin Bentley, Chief Surgeon of the Military Hospitals in occupied Alexandria, requested "the rebel house opposite Grosvenor hospital" for use as a medical building. He was "granted the authority to take possession of the withnamed house for a general hospital." The Union Army seized the house for unpaid taxes, but offered to return ownership and pay rent if Harriott Cazenove would swear the Loyalty Oath to the Federal Government. Harriotte refused to swear her loyalty and the house was turned into an annex of the Grosvenor Hospital. Chief Surgeon Bentley likely moved his quarters to the house and it was here that he performed the first successful blood transfusion. Hundreds of soldiers recuperated from wounds, surgeries, and illnesses at the house. Those who did not survive were placed in a dead house, or morgue, built at the back of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Robert and Mary Elizabeth (Lee) Fleming family</h3><br>
<p>Harriotte Cazenove never recovered the house after the war and in 1870, it was bought from the estate of Edmund Jennings Lee by Dr. Robert Fleming, who had married Mary Elizabeth Lee, eldest child of Colonel Richard Bland Lee II. Dr. Fleming died in 1871, and according to Mrs. James Lee Sheridan, Mrs. Fleming moved to Washington, D.C, and permitted her three sisters, Myra Gaines (Lee) Civalier I, Evelina Prosser (Lee) Morgan, Julia Eustis Lee, and one brother, Robert Fleming Lee to reside at the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, Mary Fleming described the house as having "large grounds with fine trees and shrubbery."</p><br>
<h2>After the Lees</h2><br>
<h3>Robert F. and Mai (Greenwell) Downham family</h3><br>
<p>Upon the death of Mrs. Fleming in 1902, the house was to be sold to settle her estate. However, Myra Lee Civalier II loved the house so much that she threatened to burn it down with herself in it if it were sold out of the Lee family. As a result of her worrying, she was put into a hospital. In the meantime, Myras mother, Myra Lee Civalier I, went to Myras best friend, Mai R. Greenwell, and asked her to buy the house. At the time Greenwell, a singer and voice teacher, was content with the house she occupied and had no plans to purchase the Lee–Fendall House. However, a suitor was at the meeting, and upon hearing this, told Mai if she would marry him, he would buy the house for her. The suitor was Robert Forsyth Downham, who bought the house for $5,500 thus ending the Lee family&#39;s long ownership. Between 1785 and 1903, the house had been lived in by 37 members of the Lee family.</p><br>
<p>Robert Downham, an Alexandria haberdasher and liquor dealer, resided at Lee-Fendall with his family for the next 31 years. Robert Downham ran a saloon and along with his brother Henry continued his father&#39;s (Emanuel Ethelbert or E.E. Downham, twice Mayor of Alexandria) wholesale liquor business (whiskey, beer, and wine including the Belle Haven Rye brand). During Prohibition in Virginia he became a haberdasher. He was involved in the Friendship Fire Association, the Shriners, and the Knights Templar. He assisted in raising funds for the George Washington Masonic National Memorial. The museum archives contain many photos of the family enjoying the garden.</p><br>
<h3>Myrta and John L. Lewis family</h3><br>
<p>In 1937, the Downhams sold the house to Myrta Lewis, wife of John L. Lewis, president of the United Mine Workers. Deeding the house in Myrta&#39;s name was probably a way to protect it from any suits brought against her husband. During the next 32 years, the house was the home of the Lewis family including, much of the time, their daughter Katherine.</p><br>
<p>Myrta Edith (Bell) Lewis was a former schoolteacher and an antiques collector who married John on June 5, 1907. She was responsible for many changes to the house, for example, adding additional glazing to the south porch and painting the exterior white. She hosted two social events in the house before her death in 1942. Upon her death, their son John L. Lewis, Jr. inherited the property subject to his fathers life estate. Their daughter Katherine, a secretary-treasurer of District 50 of the United Mine Workers at her mothers death, died in 1962 leaving their father the sole family member in the house.</p><br>
<p>John Llewellyn Lewis started life as a coal miner of Welsh descent in Iowa and quickly worked his way up the union ranks to be president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) for over four decades. He moved the headquarters of the UMWA to Washington, DC to be closer to the people in power. As president of the UMWA, he increased wages by ten times, started the first safety regulations in the mines, and started health care facilities where there weren&#39;t any before. He was also one of the founders of the AFL–CIO. To do all this, he defied two presidents, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. He supported Wendell Willkie for president in 1940 and pulled the miners out on strike in the middle of World War II causing a major energy shortage. During the strike, Lewis was strung up in effigy at the corner of Washington and Oronoco, outside Lee-Fendall, as a traitor for hurting the war effort so much. In 1945 to 1950, Lewis led strikes that Truman denounced as threats to national security. Lewis secured a welfare fund financed entirely by the coal companies but administered by the union with Lewis as its chair until his death. He retired as President of the UMWA in 1960.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Lewis was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1965, Lewis received the first Eugene V. Debs Award for his service to Industrial Unionism.</p><br>
<p>John retained the John L. Lewis House in Springfield, Illinois until 1965 while living at Lee–Fendall House. Lewis was frequently seen strolling the garden in the years before his death. John died in the house on June 11, 1969, at the age of 89. His estranged son, Dr. John L. Lewis, Jr., gained full control of the property.</p><br>
<h4>James Lewis, Jr.</h4><br>
<p>In 1941, James Lewis, Jr. (no relation) began working as a chauffeur, special assistant, and steward for the Lewis family. He drove John L. Lewis around the country and managed the household until 1969. He was a trusted friend and confidant of the family and served as special assistant to six more UMWA presidents following John L. Lewis.</p><br>
<h3>Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation</h3><br>
<p>After Lewis died, his son leased out the Lee–Fendall House until 1973. The son then sold it to the Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit foundation doing-business-as Lee–Fendall House Museum and Garden. The Trust was created in 1968 by Jay W. Johns with encouragement from Frances Shively in hopes of purchasing and preserving the house upon Lewis&#39; death. The Trust received financial assistance from the Commonwealth of Virginia and the City of Alexandria in completing funding for the purchase.</p><br>
<p>The Lee–Fendall House Museum and Garden opened to the public the following year in 1974 just before the Nations Bicentennial, a time when general interest in historic house museums and historic preservation were at a high. As with most small museums, funding for operations, maintenance, and renovation were scarce. Frances Shively was the first director of the Museum and lived in the House without drawing a salary. Memberships, donations, small grants, and revenue gathered from tours, events, and a gift shop were insufficient to meet the Museums needs. In 2015, a Fendall descendant left a modest endowment to the Trust with its proceeds offsetting some of the Museum&#39;s costs. The original focus on the connections with the Lee family has been "expanded to encompass the experiences of enslaved people in Alexandria, the experience of Alexandrians during the Union occupation, the development of medicine, and social change in the aftermath of the Civil War and early 20th Century."</p><br>
<p>Between 1974 and 1976, the garden was restored by over 500 women who were part of the Alexandria Garden Clubs. First Lady Betty Ford personally helped raise funds for the restoration and it was designated Alexandria&#39;s official Bi-centennial Garden. From 2010 through 2011, archaeological investigations of the garden revealed more information about its use over time.</p><br>
<p>From its opening to the present, the House has become a well-known Virginia landmark. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Register in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Lee–Fendall House Museum and Garden today serves not only as an educational historic house museum but also as the setting for special events and private rentals.</p><br>
<p>Fort Stanton was a United States Army fort near Lincoln, New Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Army Fort</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1855 by the 1st Dragoon and the 3rd and 8th Infantry Regiments to serve as a base of military operations against the Mescalero Apaches. Numerous campaigns were fought from 1855 until the 1880s. It was established to protect Hispano and White settlements along the Rio Bonito in the Apache Wars. Kit Carson, John "Black Jack" Pershing, Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, and Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry all lived here.</p><br>
<p>Confederate forces occupied the outpost in 1861, at the beginning of the American Civil War. This USA military fortification was abandoned with the withdrawal of USA forces in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The fort was originally established in part as the Mescalero Apache reservation. In 1873 the reservation was moved 30 miles southwest to its current location.</p><br>
<h2>Marine Hospital</h2><br>
<p>In 1899, President William McKinley transferred Fort Stanton property from the War Department to the Marine Hospital Service, converting the military reservation to America&#39;s first federal tuberculosis sanatorium.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Fort Stanton was used as a detention center for German and Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens," and 411 German nationals taken from the luxury liner Columbus in 1939 (officially recorded as "distressed seamen paroled from the German Embassy" since the USA was still technically neutral at the time of their capture). The "enemy aliens" were mostly immigrant residents of the USA who had been taken into custody as suspected saboteurs shortly after the USA entered the war, despite a lack of supporting evidence or access to due process for most internees. The 31 German American internees, labeled "troublemakers" by the Department of Justice, were kept separate from the 17 Japanese Americans (also deemed "troublesome" by authorities) who were transferred to Fort Stanton on March 10, 1945. These new arrivals were deported to Japan later that year.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was closed in 1953.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>In 2008, New Mexico governor Bill Richardson announced plans to establish Fort Stanton as a living history venue, Fort Stanton State Monument, and funds to renovate headquarters, officers quarters, and stables.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the area around Fort Stanton and Fort Stanton Cave was designated by the USA Congress as a National Conservation Area (NCA), with more than 25,000 acres in order to protect a unique cave resource, Snowy River Passage in Fort Stanton Cave National Natural Landmark. Snowy River was discovered in 2001 by members of the Fort Stanton Cave Study Project. The new NCA, called Fort Stanton – Snowy River Cave, is managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Roswell Field Office. The NCA has over 90 miles of multi-use trails for horseback riding, mountain bike riding and hiking. It is the venue of an annual endurance riding event that has grown to be 6 days long. The NCA is joined on its south and northeast boundaries by the Smokey Bear Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, members of the Southwestern Region of the National Speleological Society completed a restoration project on the second floor balcony of Building #9, located on the Fort Stanton Quadrangle.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, a team from AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps along with Fort Stanton Staff renovated and restored Fort Stantons Hidalgo Building into a volunteer dormitory, began restoration on the historic school house, restored an original TB Hut, and expanded the hospitals current exhibit to include two new exhibits.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was a USA Army fort located along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, near Elephant Butte Lake State Park and the Rio Grande in Socorro County, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Craig site was approximately 1,050 feet east-west by 600 feet north-south (320 by 180 m) and covered 40 acres (16 hectares).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Before Fort Craig</h3><br>
<p>The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo called for the construction of a series of forts along the new boundaries between Mexico and the United States. Apaches and other Native American groups were reportedly harassing settlers and travelers on both sides of the border. The attacks by the tribes from USA territory into Mexico was a problem the USA government was obligated to address under the treaty.</p><br>
<p>In 1849, an initial garrison was established at Socorro, New Mexico, whose name can be translated as "safety." A fort called Fort Conrad was then established in 1851 on the west bank of the Rio Grande near Valverde Creek. This was near the north end of the Jornada del Muerto, which was an especially dangerous segment of the major route known as the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Although it was an ideal location from which to launch military campaigns against the Apache and Navajo, Fort Conrad was beset by construction problems and was under constant threat of flash floods, so it operated for only a short while until a replacement was built several miles away.</p><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>In 1853, the 3rd USA Infantry Regiment began constructing a new fort on a bluff nine miles downriver from Fort Conrad. The new fort was garrisoned in 1854 with troops transferred from Fort Conrad.</p><br>
<p>Life at remote Fort Craig was uncomfortable and lonely at best and deadly at worst. The buildings were a constant source of misery to the soldiers, and records reveal litanies of complaints about leaky roofs, crumbling walls and chimneys, crowded conditions and filth from crumbling dirt roofs and muddy floors.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>By July 1861, Fort Craig had become the largest fort in the Southwest, with over 2,000 soldiers. That same year, several regiments of New Mexico Volunteers were established to handle the new threat posed by the Confederate Army of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>In September 1861, a cavalry force of about 100 men set out from Fort Craig and skirmished with rebels at Cañada Alamosa. The Battle of Cañada Alamosa was one of several small battles to occur in Confederate Arizona (which included what&#39;s now southern New Mexico, and had Mesilla as its capital).</p><br>
<p>In February 1862, all five regiments of New Mexico Volunteers were sent south from Fort Union to reinforce Fort Craig and to wait for the Confederate advance up the Rio Grande.</p><br>
<p>After capturing several military installations in the newly established Confederate Territory of Arizona, Brigadier General Sibley led his enthusiastic but poorly equipped brigade of about 2,500 Confederate Army of New Mexico men. On February 7, 1862, the Army of New Mexico left Fort Fillmore and headed north towards Fort Craig, but marched well around the fort after the Union Army refused to do battle on the plain in front of the fort.</p><br>
<p>On Fort Craigs massive gravel bastions were mounted "Quaker guns" (wooden fake cannons) with empty soldiers caps alongside the real cannons and real Union troops. This impressive ruse squelched Sibley&#39;s plans for a direct assault on Fort Craig. Furthermore, Sibley did not have the heavy artillery necessary for a siege against the heavily fortified and defended fort.</p><br>
<p>On February 21, 1862, the Union troops led by Colonel Edward Canby and the Confederate Army of New Mexico of Brigadier General Sibley first met at the Battle of Valverde, a crossing of the Rio Grande just north of the fort. Both sides took heavy casualties. At the end of the day, the Confederates held the field of battle, but the Union still held Fort Craig.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Valverde is considered a Confederate victory. However, the New Mexico Volunteers, under the command of Colonel Miguel Pino, found the Confederates&#39; lightly guarded supply wagons and burned them. Sibley was forced to march further north without the supplies he had hoped to take from Fort Craig. On February 23, 1862, the Confederate forces marched around the Union Army and headed for Albuquerque.</p><br>
<h3>Indian Wars</h3><br>
<p>Between 1863 and 1865, Fort Craig was headquarters for USA Army campaigns against the Gila and Mimbres Apaches.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was permanently abandoned in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Fort Craig was referenced on page 208 in Dee Brown’s book “Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee”.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Craig Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The BLM runs a visitor center at the Fort Craig Historic Site, located 105 miles (170 km) north of Las Cruces and 32 miles (52 km) south of Socorro. It is between Exits 115 and 124 off Interstate 25 which parallels the old Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, now a National Historic Trail.</p><br>
<p>A 1958 Hollywood movie Western titled Fort Massacre was set in 1879 around "Fort Crane," a fictional analogue for Fort Craig.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, Fort Craig was sold at auction to the only bidder, the Valverde Land and Irrigation Company. Fort Craig was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The property was eventually donated to Archaeological Conservancy by the Oppenheimer family and transferred to the Bureau of Land Management in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Around 2004, it emerged that 20 bodies had been looted from the cemetery at Fort Craig, evidently by a collector of military memorabilia. To prevent further looting, 67 more sets of remains were exhumed by Federal archaeologists for reinterment at Santa Fe National Cemetery. in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Carrollton Courthouse Square Historic District is a historic district encompassing the courthouse square and surrounding commercial district in Carrollton, Greene County, Illinois. The district is centered on the Greene County Courthouse, a limestone Romanesque Revival building built in 1891–92. The courthouse occupies an entire city block at the center of the district. The twelve quarter blocks surrounding the courthouse comprise Carrolltons only business district. Development in the area began in 1821, when the first courthouse was built; at the time, the square was surrounded by new houses. The only house remaining from this period is the Hodges House, which was built in 1829 and is now a historical museum. The square assumed its commercial character between 1830 and 1855, when several brick stores were constructed. After 1855, the square gained several two- and three-story commercial buildings, which form the predominant type in the district. In addition to the commercial buildings, Carrolltons public library and post office are also located on the square.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Greene County Almshouse is a historic poorhouse located in Greene County, Illinois, along a township road northeast of the city of Carrollton. The almshouse was built in 1870 in accordance with an 1839 state law which provided for each county to establish its own almshouse or poor farm for welfare recipients. Prior to passage of the law, public welfare in Illinois had taken the form of "outdoor relief", in which the poor worked on farms in exchange for basic support. Under Illinois county almshouse system, the poor were intended to receive shelter and necessities in the houses, often in exchange for farm labor on the property. By 1903, all but two of Illinois counties had established an almshouse or poor farm.</p><br>
<p>Greene County established its first poor farm in 1842. The county saw a need for a larger facility in 1869, and it built the present Italianate almshouse building the following year. The new almshouse held roughly thirty residents at any given time; its population included local paupers, vagrants, the physically and mentally disabled, orphans, and the elderly. Residents at the almshouse worked on grain and livestock farms, vegetable gardens and, in later years, fruit orchards on the property. According to the State Board of Public Charities, the residents of the almshouse experienced "excellent" living conditions, in contrast to many of the state&#39;s other county poorhouses.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, the almshouse gradually became a home for the elderly rather than a general poorhouse. By 1910, the majority of the almshouse&#39;s residents were over 60 years old, and the proportion increased to 90% by 1928. The almshouse consequently shifted its mission to serve its newly specialized population. In 1932, Illinois formally shifted to a statewide direct welfare program which largely removed the need for the county almshouse program.</p><br>
<p>The almshouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The almshouse was subject to two acts of suspected arson activity in August 2022, which caused the majority of the remaining building to be lost.</p><br>
<p>In October 2022, a group of Greene County residents petitioned the Greene County Board of Trustees to erect a memorial at the almshouse&#39;s cemetery, which was approved by the board.</p><br>
<p>The Henry T. Rainey Farm, also known as Walnut Hall Estate is a historic farm and wedding venue located on the north side of Illinois Route 108 in Greene County, Illinois, east of Carrollton. The main farmhouse, known as Walnut Hall, was built in 1868-70 by settler Luman Curtius. The red brick house features Greek Revival and Italianate influences. Politician Henry Thomas Rainey bought the farm in 1909. Rainey served in the USA House of Representatives from 1903 to 1921, and again from 1923 to his death in 1934; during his last two years in office, he was Speaker of the House. As Speaker of the House, Rainey presided over the passage of New Deal legislation during President Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s Hundred Days; as a representative, he promoted causes such as environmental conservation and agricultural aid programs. In 2020, Brittany and Bobby Weller acquired the property, converting it into an all-inclusive wedding venue which opened the following year.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Fort Garland , Colorado, United States, was designed to house two companies of soldiers to protect settlers in the San Luis Valley, then in the Territory of New Mexico . It was named for General John Garland , then commander of the United States Army&#39;s Military District of New Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Colonel Kit Carson and New Mexico Volunteers were stationed here after the American Civil War (1861-1865), in 1866 and he successfully negotiated a treaty with the local native Utes in 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Ninth USA Cavalry (Buffalo Soldiers) was stationed here for three years between 1876 and 1879. In 1876, these troops were called to the La Plata region to prevent conflict between the Utes and white mining prospectors. The following year, they helped remove illegal white settlers from Ute reservation lands.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, United States military units from Fort Garland were called upon by Nathan Meeker, the Indian Agent of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at the White River Agency. Meeker and others were killed, and family members taken captive by unhappy Utes. The captives were released and the Utes were moved once again, which reduced the need for a military fort.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Garland Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Colorado Historical Society restored the fort and opened the Fort Garland Museum in 1950. Restored and reconstructed buildings include the adobe Commandants Quarters, where Kit Carson and his wife once lived, the cavalry barracks with exhibits of Hispanic traditional arts and 19th century transportation artifacts, and officers quarters. Permanent exhibits focus on Kit Carson and Buffalo Soldiers. The museum is administered by History Colorado organization.</p><br>
<p>Pike&#39;s Stockade, the reconstructed stockade site where Western explorer and Army officer Zebulon Pike raised the American flag in 1807, is located about 45 miles southwest of the fort.</p><br>
<p>The Hodges House is a historic house located at 532 N. Main St. in Carrollton, Illinois, United States. The house was built circa 1825 and remodeled in the Federal style in 1829. Lawyer Charles D. Hodges purchased the house in 1850; soon afterward, he expanded the house and added Italianate features, such as the paired brackets along the roof line. Hodges served as a Greene County judge from 1853 until 1859, when he was elected to the USA House of Representatives to replace the deceased Thomas L. Harris. Hodges returned to his law practice when Harris&#39; term ended later in 1859; he later served as a circuit judge and a state senator.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3, 1980. The Greene County Historical and Genealogical Society currently uses the house as a local history museum known as the Lee-Baker-Hodges House.</p><br>
<p>Stillmans Run Battle Site is a site in Stillman Valley, Illinois. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been since December 1983. The Battle of Stillmans Run was an 1832 clash between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk and his Sauk Indian Band. The battle took place in 1832 as part of the Black Hawk War. During the engagement 12 militia men were killed while making a stand on a small hill. The rest of the militia fled back to Dixons Ferry where they spread news of a terrible slaughter at Stillmans Run.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Stillmans Run occurred on May 14, 1832. The battle was named for Major Isaiah Stillman and his detachment of 275 Illinois militia which fled in a panic from a large number of Sauk warriors. According to witness statements, the militia may have been outnumbered two to one. The engagement was the first battle of the 1832 Black Hawk War which had ignited after Black Hawk crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois with his "British Band" of Sauk and Fox. During the engagement 12 militia men were killed while making a stand on a small hill. The rest of the militia fled back to Dixons Ferry where they spread news of a terrible slaughter at Stillman&#39;s Run.</p><br>
<h2>Monument</h2><br>
<p>A marble and granite monument stands at the site of the Battle of Stillman&#39;s Run today. It was designed and constructed by Creo and Creo, and J.H. Anderson. The monument was erected by the Battlefield Memorial Association of Stillman Valley in 1901. It was built using funds from the state of Illinois, appropriated during the 42nd General Assembly. The site of the monument is less than one acre and currently functions as a small park.</p><br>
<p>The polished marble monument has several inscriptions on it. On one side of the monument an inscription notes:</p><br>
<p>In memory of the Illinois volunteers who fell at Stillman&#39;s Run, May 14, 1832, in an engagement with Black Hawk and his warriors."</p><br>
<p>one inscription on the monument reads:</p><br>
<p>The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."</p><br>
<p>a historical marker at the site reads:</p><br>
<p>Here, on May 14, 1832, the first engagement of the Black Hawk War took place. When 275 Illinois militiamen under Maj. Isaiah Stillman were put to flight by Black Hawk and his warriers. So thoroughly demoralized were the volunteers that a new army had to be called into the field."</p><br>
<p>Another inscription on the monument denotes that it was erected by the Battlefield Memorial Association of Stillman Valley and it notes that the funding came from the Illinois General Assembly and was approved May 1, 1901. There is also a listing of the dead inscribed as well.</p><br>
<h2>Grave sites</h2><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Stillman&#39;s Run Battle Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1983 for its significance in military history.</p><br>
<p>The William H. Holcomb House, also known by Carl Vandre House, is located in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Rochelle. An elegant Italianate structure, the Holcomb House has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The William H. Holcomb House is a wood-frame brick house on a limestone foundation. The house was built in 1872 and is a significant example of Italianate style.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The William H. Holcomb House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1973, for its significance in the area of architecture.</p><br>
<p>William H. Holcomb (c. 1839–1908) was the general superintendent of the Chicago & Iowa Railroad and subsequently held the same position with the Chicago, Burlington & Northern Railway (part of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad). In the 1880s he served as General Manager of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, and in 1893 was the General Manager of Transportation for the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition, in Chicago. He was also a vice-president and general manager with the Union Pacific Railroad.</p><br>
<p>Flagg Township Public Library is a library in Rochelle, Illinois. It is a Carnegie library, designed in 1912 by Claude and Starck. The library joined the National Register on October 25, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As a Carnegie library Flagg Township Public Library was the beneficiary of a grant from Andrew Carnegie for its construction. Often smaller towns and rural areas would band together to petition Carnegie for a grant for a county or area library.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Flagg Township Public Library was built in 1912 and designed by the Madison, Wisconsin-based architectural firm of Claude and Starck. The library is an example of Prairie School.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Flagg Township Public Library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 1973, for its significance in the area of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Shore Acres Park Clubhouse  is the central feature of Shore Acres Park in Chillicothe, Illinois. The site of the clubhouse, which is located on the Illinois River, was originally part of Columbia Park, a Chillicothe city park established in 1890. In 1911, the Peoria Automobile Club was formed as a social and recreational organization for the automobile owners of Peoria and the surrounding cities; the club soon purchased the park from the city. The club built their clubhouse at the park in 1915; Peoria architects Hotchkiss & Harris provided its Classical Revival design. One of the clubs main functions was to advocate for improved roads in Peoria and Central Illinois; in particular, they advocated for a route from Peoria to Chicago that would pass their clubhouse. The 1918 State Bond Issue, which established Illinois state highway system, provided funding for this route, which became known as Illinois Route 29.</p><br>
<p>As automobiles became more common in the 1920s, the club changed its name to the Peoria North Shore Country Club and added a golf course and swimming pool in an attempt to rebrand itself. The country club was unsuccessful and went bankrupt in 1935. After passing through multiple private owners, the land was purchased by the Chillicothe Park Board in 1948; it is now a public park, and the clubhouse is used as a community center and the Park District&#39;s offices.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 4, 1995. It is Chillicothe&#39;s only listing on the National Register and one of several that are in smaller towns and cities in Peoria County outside the main city of Peoria.</p><br>
<p>Longmire, which is effectively encompassed by the Longmire Historic District, is a visitor services center in Washington State&#39;s Mount Rainier National Park, located 6.5 mi east of the Nisqually Entrance. The area is in the Nisqually River valley at an elevation of 2,761 ft between The Ramparts Ridge and the Tatoosh Range. Longmire is surrounded by old-growth Douglas fir, western red cedar and western hemlock.</p><br>
<h2>Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Longmire Historic District comprises the former headquarters district of the park and its chief developed area. The district includes 58 contributing buildings and structures, including four structures individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is home to the largest concentration of National Park Service Rustic–style structures in the park, and one of the most notable groups of such structures in any USA national park. The district lies on either side of the Paradise-Nisqually Road, with the Longmire Meadows area on the north side and the park concession and administration facilities on the south side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Individually listed structures on the National Register include the Longmire Buildings, a National Historic Landmark comprising the parks former headquarters, the Longmire Cabin, and three comfort stations, L-302, L-303 and L-304. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. The National Park Inn is the only accommodation in the park open all year round. The Longmire Historic District is in turn part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the parks inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Longmire is the second most popular destination for visitors to Mount Rainier National Park after Paradise. Of the more than 1.3 million people who visited the park in 2000, 38% visited Longmire. The Cougar Rock Campground is about 2 mi north east of Longmire. Longmire is one of the starting points of the Wonderland Trail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 16, 1883, George Bayley, Philemon Van Trump and James Longmire made the third successful ascent of Mt. Rainier. During their return trip Longmire discovered several mineral hot springs just north of Bear Prairie. He returned to the area later that fall and laid claim to this tract, which would become known as Longmire Springs. During the following year he blazed a crude path, which branched off the Yelm-Bear Prairie Road that he and William Packwood blazed in 1861, to Longmire Springs. This would become the second trail to track through the future national park.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 James Longmire built a trail from Succotash Valley in Ashford 13 mi to the hot springs where he built cabins in the area which now bears his name. John Muir described staying there on the way to his ascent of Mount Rainier in 1888. The oldest surviving structure in the National Park is a cabin built by Longmire&#39;s son Elcaine Longmire at the springs in 1888. It is located north of the road in the area now called Longmire Meadows.</p><br>
<p>From 1899 to 1904 approximately 500 people a year visited Longmire Springs in the summer months. They reached the area by train to Ashford and then on Longmires wagon trail. They enjoyed the mineral springs and the view of Mount Rainier. They could also hike to Paradise or Indian Henrys Hunting Grounds, both about 6 mi from Longmire Springs on trails built by the Longmire family.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, Longmire built a five-room hotel, which was later expanded. By 1906, the Longmires&#39; hotel with assorted tents and cabins totaled 30 rooms. In that year, the Tacoma and Eastern Railroad built the original National Park Inn at Longmire, a three-story building with accommodation for 60 guests.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in an early rustic style, a Hiker&#39;s Center was built in 1911 by the Tacoma and Eastern Railroad. It is now the Longmire general store.</p><br>
<p>The Longmires wearied of park pressures to improve their facilities, and after Elcaine&#39;s death in 1915, they leased their property to the newly formed Longmire Springs Hotel Company in 1916. The new operators promptly built an additional hotel structure along with 16 wood-frame cabins. Although the property was cleaned up and improved, operating as "The New Longmire Springs Hotel", it still did not meet the quality level of the National Park Inn across the road.</p><br>
<p>Steven T. Mather, the first director of the National Park Service developed a policy which favored regulated monopolies over competing concessioners in the National Parks. Over a number of years the National Park Service worked to make the Rainier National Park Company the only concessionaire in the park. This was completed in 1919 when the Rainier National Park Company purchased the Longmire family buildings and a 20-year lease on the Longmire&#39;s private inholding for $12,000 in a three-way deal which included J.B. Ternes and E.C. Cornell, owners of the Longmire Springs Hotel Company. They eventually bought the Longmire family property, after the lease expired in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Rainier National Park Company moved the 1916 Longmire Springs Hotel structure next to the National Park Inn in 1920. Smaller than the existing inn, it became known as the National Park Inn Annex. A -story building with plain exteriors, it contained seventeen guest rooms. The Rainier National Park Company also demolished the original 1890 Longmire Springs Hotel and utility buildings in the area to "improve the appearance" of the area.</p><br>
<p>Once the road to Paradise and the Paradise Inn opened, visitors to the park preferred to stay at Paradise, making the Longmire hotel and annex unprofitable. The Rainier National Park Company intended to promote the area by advertising the medicinal qualities of the spring water. However, the Bureau of Chemistrys Hygienic Lab in Washington, D.C. tested the waters and concluded that they didnt have any medicinal value. The National Park Service prohibited the Rainier National Park Company from making false claims about the waters. The springs were never redeveloped.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s, as the number of visitors to the park increased, the Park Service moved the administration center from the Nisqually area to Longmire. The community kitchen was built in 1916 and is now the library. The park&#39;s first administration building was built in 1916 and now houses the Longmire Museum and Visitors Center.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the Landscape Engineering Division of the National Park Service San Francisco office created a development plan to give "a sense of order" to the buildings the government and concessionaires had built in the Longmire Plaza area south of the road. Three particularly significant buildings came about as a result of this plan, each of which demonstrated the National Park Service efforts to construct structures "that harmonized with the rugged slopes of Mount Rainier". The Community Building (1927) is a good example of early National Park Service Rustic style. The use of pairs of columns rather than the notched corner technique shows a particular skill in using natural minerals. The Administration Building (1928) is said to be the most architecturally significant of the buildings from this period. Features such as the heavy masonry first floor and timber second story were influenced by the 1924 administration building at Yosemite. Careful selection of local boulders was important in achieving a building that matches the surrounding landscape. The Service Station, built in 1929, is the last of these three buildings. It was designed to be unobtrusive in its natural setting.</p><br>
<p>The original National Park Inn burned to the ground in 1926, leaving only the National Park Inn Annex, now the National Park Inn. This building was remodeled in 1936 and was essentially rebuilt again in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The administrative center was moved outside the park to Tahoma Woods near the Nisqually entrance in 1977 as a result of the 1972 master plan, which restrained new development within the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Longmire Buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>2006 flooding</h2><br>
<p>Longmire, along with Paradise, were among the most badly affected areas in the November 6, 2006 Pineapple Express rainstorm when 18 in of rain fell in a 36-hour period, causing extensive flood damage and road closures. State Route 706 (the Nisqually entrance to Paradise road) which serves Longmire was closed due to flood damage until May 5, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Longmire experiences warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Longmire has a Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate (Dsb).</p><br>
<p>23 Wall Street  is a four-story office building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, at the southeast corner of Wall Street and Broad Street. Designed by Trowbridge & Livingston in the neoclassical style and constructed from 1913 to 1914, it was originally the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co. Since the late 2000s, the building has remained unoccupied for long periods, although it has occasionally been used for events.</p><br>
<p>The building has a facade of ashlar masonry and pink Tennessee marble. The first floor consists of a piano nobile over a low basement; above are the second story, the main cornice, and two more stories. After its completion, the building became known as the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co.—the "House of Morgan"—although its exterior was never signed with the Morgan name. The banking room, which took up nearly the entire ground floor, included offices and was used for banking transactions. This space was designed with a domed, coffered ceiling and, later, a large crystal chandelier. Mechanical systems and vaults were in the basement, and executive offices were placed on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>23 Wall Street replaced the Drexel Building, which was the banking headquarters for J.P. Morgan & Co.s predecessor Drexel, Morgan & Co. When the building was damaged during the Wall Street bombing in 1920, J.P. Morgan & Co. refused to make repairs, in defiance of the bombings perpetrators. The building was linked to neighboring 15 Broad Street in 1957, and the two buildings served as the J.P. Morgan & Co. headquarters until 1988, when the firm moved to 60 Wall Street. During the 2000s, there were plans to convert both 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street into a condominium complex. In 2008, 23 Wall Street was sold to interests associated with the billionaire industrialist Sam Pa but mostly remained empty afterward.</p><br>
<p>Depicted in several media works, 23 Wall Street&#39;s simple design was generally praised upon its completion. The building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); it is also a contributing property to the NRHP-listed Wall Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>23 Wall Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, at the southeast corner of Broad Street to the west and Wall Street to the north. The building&#39;s land lot has a frontage of about 113 ft along Broad Street and 157 ft along Wall Street. It borders 15 Broad Street to the south and west. Other nearby buildings include the New York Stock Exchange Building to the west; 14 Wall Street to the northwest; Federal Hall National Memorial (formerly the sub-Treasury building) at 26 Wall Street to the north; and 40 Wall Street to the northeast. The Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the, contains entrances directly outside 23 Wall Street.</p><br>
<p>The Second Empire style Drexel Building—the banking headquarters for Drexel, Morgan & Co., predecessor of J.P. Morgan & Co.—previously occupied 23 Wall Streets site. Anthony Drexel had bought the site in 1872 for 348 $/ft2, making it the citys most expensive plot of land at the time. The Drexel Building, completed in 1873, Its seven stories had been connected by a steam elevator, one of the city&#39;s earliest such installations. The Real Estate Record and Guide characterized the Drexel Building as "the second fireproof building of importance" to be built in New York City, after the Equitable Life Building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Trowbridge & Livingston designed 23 Wall Street in the neoclassical style. Marc Eidlitz was the building&#39;s main construction contractor. 23 Wall Street was the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co., the "House of Morgan", and was nicknamed "The Corner". J. P. Morgan Jr., the head of the bank when the building was being planned, dictated many aspects of its design. The building originally contained up to five mezzanine levels, leading Architecture and Building magazine to characterize it as a nine-story building.</p><br>
<p>The building is shaped like an irregular heptagon, with a chamfered corner at its main entrance at Wall and Broad Streets, as well as a "light court" on the building&#39;s eastern side at the third and fourth stories. The southeast corner contains an extension that protrudes slightly from the southern lot line. The main entrance corner, facing the intersection of Wall, Broad, and Nassau Streets, was intended to make the intersection appear like a public square outside Federal Hall. The facade rises about 85 ft above street level. Because of the irregular shape, the building only takes up 92 ft on Broad Street and 135 ft on Wall Street, or about 20 ft less than the lot frontage on either side.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The facade is made of ashlar masonry and pink Tennessee marble, in accordance with J. P. Morgan Sr.s request that the marble be identical to that used in his 36th Street residences library. To furnish the marble for the project, the Morgans used their own quarry in Knoxville, Tennessee. The walls are astylar in design, with unadorned windows in deep reveals. The facade contains several divots caused by flying shrapnel from the Wall Street bombing, which occurred outside the building in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The first floor consists of a high piano nobile over a low basement. The main cornice, between the second and third stories, is inspired by Italian Renaissance architecture and wraps around the north, northwest, and west sides. A mechanical penthouse containing air-conditioning machinery is atop the original roof.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is through the chamfered corner at Wall and Broad Streets; The lintel above the doorway is a single continuous stone measuring 19 by and was, at the time of the buildings construction, one of the largest stones ever brought to New York City. Above the main entrance, at the second story, there is a single set of three windows. According to The New York Times, the main entrance was sometimes also known by the buildings nickname, "The Corner".</p><br>
<p>The remainders of the Wall and Broad Street facades are similar, except that the Broad Street facade has four vertical bays, and the Wall Street facade has five. In each bay, there is a tall rectangular window opening at ground level, as well as a pair of smaller openings at the mezzanine.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<h4>Substructure and basement</h4><br>
<p>The foundations of the outer walls were made of cofferdams that extended 65 ft into the underlying bedrock. The concrete used in the cofferdams was laid 7 ft thick. The foundations were built to be strong enough to support a tower of at least 30 stories.</p><br>
<p>The basement was accessed through an elevator and stairs in the rear of the ground story, as well as through the secondary entrance on Broad Street. The interior of the vault was cited as measuring 18 by The vault walls were 2.5 ft thick and were made of steel layers reinforced with concrete. The 50 ST circular vault door, made of a steel composite, could be swung open with one hand. There was also a private shooting range for J.P. Morgan & Co. in the basement. The remaining space in the basement was used to house the building&#39;s mechanical systems, such as heating and ventilating systems, as well as vaults and storerooms.</p><br>
<h4>Ground story</h4><br>
<p>The entire ground story was designed as a symmetrical double-height space with single-height partitions. The small, irregular lot size meant that the design could not waste any space. The main ground-story space covered 15,000 ft2. This space had no interior columns and was topped by a 30 ft coffered ceiling with a pattern of gilded hexagons and circles. At the center of the room was a shallow domed skylight, measuring 35 ft in diameter.</p><br>
<p>At the center of the room was a main lobby shaped like an irregular hexagon, It contained bank officers enclosures and a public hall. It had a mosaic floor tile and was surrounded by a screen of pink Tennessee marble, with bronze-and-glass grilles, as well as columns of Skyros marble. There were Italian Renaissance-style carvings sculpted by Charles Keck on the screen. On one side of the screen were depictions of the sea, the earth, and the air, inspired by Greek mythology. A depiction of Hiawatha, on the opposite side of the screen, was meant to represent agriculture and arts. Zodiac symbols were placed at the center of the floor; these symbols were emblems of a private club composed of J. P. Morgan Sr.s friends. Shorter marble railings replaced the screen in the early 1960s renovation.</p><br>
<p>The ground floors outer walls had wainscoting 11 ft high. Above the wainscoting were large mosaic panels with marble frames. Along the hexagonal lobbys western and southern walls, to the right of the main entrance, there were conference rooms and partners offices. The lobbys northern wall, to the left of the entrance, had two waiting rooms and the foreign exchange department. On the eastern wall of the hexagonal lobby, doors led to a rectangular banking space flanked by various offices. Two elevators and a set of stairs were in the southeast corner of the space. The elevators and stairs, as well as a correspondence office at the rear, were not part of the ground-level main space. A painting of Morgan&#39;s father J. P. Morgan was hung on the south wall above a marble fireplace. An arch on the rear wall connected with 15 Broad Street.</p><br>
<h4>Upper stories</h4><br>
<p>The superstructure is made of a steel frame, but the beams were hidden within the walls because Morgan had requested that they not be visible. Consequently, the upper floors are hung from a series of steel trusses 14 ft deep and 100 ft long; steel columns support the beams within the walls.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contained the private offices of the partners and their secretaries. The second story has a hole at its center, surrounding the main ground-floor room. A central, oak-lined corridor connected the rooms.</p><br>
<p>The third floor contained private dining rooms, a kitchen, and bedrooms for executives. The fourth floor contained janitors quarters, other minor divisions, and a roof garden facing the New York Stock Exchange. The roof garden measured about 24 by and could be covered by an awning, doubling as extra conference space during the summer. The fourth floor also contained a small barber shop. When 15 Broad Street was converted to condominiums in the 2000s, the roof of 23 Wall Street became a 5,000 ft&sup2; garden with childrens pool and dining area, accessible to the residents of the development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Drexel, Morgan & Co., headed by Anthony J. Drexel and J. P. Morgan Sr., was renamed J.P. Morgan and Company after Drexels death in 1895. During the late 19th century, the bank evolved into one of the most influential institutions in the United States, and the elder Morgan became one of the countrys most powerful financiers. By the 20th century, many large corporations had opened investment accounts with J.P. Morgan & Co., and its members were directors of one-sixth of the United States&#39; largest corporations.</p><br>
<p>By the 1900s, the Drexel Building had become too small for the banks needs, and Morgan wanted a larger structure, akin to the National City Bank of New Yorks headquarters at 55 Wall Street one block away. J.P. Morgan & Co. was also leasing the Drexel Building from Anthony Drexel&#39;s estate instead of owning it outright. Morgan had long sought to acquire the building, but the Drexel estate had refused to sell. Ultimately, J.P. Morgan & Co. decided to construct an edifice solely for its own use; the new structure was to be smaller than the Drexel Building.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>In February 1912, several publications reported that J.P. Morgan & Co. had bought the Drexel Building from the Drexel estate, Morgan founded a company to purchase the structure, although it was still unclear at the time whether the Drexel Building would be replaced. That September, the company finalized its purchase of the neighboring Mechanics and Metals National Bank building at 29–33 Wall Street. By that time, J.P. Morgan & Co. had decided to demolish and replace the structure. The Mechanics Bank lot, covering 6,000 ft2, was valued at $1.62 million (equivalent to $ million in ), and the 10,000 ft2 Drexel Building lot was valued at $2.7 million (equivalent to $ million in ). The replacement building would be among the many ongoing redevelopment projects in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The senior Morgan leased a temporary office on the 31st floor of 14 Wall Street, where he was able to observe work on his new building.</p><br>
<p>The site was cleared completely by late July 1913 and foundation installation began. The foundation work required underpinning the Mills Building with nineteen pneumatic cylinders, excavating the sites perimeter using caissons, and excavating the lots interior. A ceremonial cornerstone was laid in December 1913 by J. P. Morgan Jr., who had succeeded his father as head of J.P. Morgan & Co. The facade of 23 Wall Street was substantially completed in June 1914, when protective scaffolding surrounding the site was removed.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>After J. P. Morgan Jr. helped fund the Allies of World War I, he received death threats To protect him, detectives were stationed outside and around 23 Wall Street for several months. According to Livingston, a wire net across the roof would deflect any missile or bomb dropped onto the building, and the thick walls would prevent against damage from explosions. On September 16, 1920, the Wall Street bombing occurred outside the building, killing 38 people and injuring hundreds more. Most of the victims were outside the building, but the blast also killed one Morgan employee. J.P. Morgan & Company said that, in defiance of those who committed the crime, it would not repair the exterior damage. More than four decades later, The New York Times described the pockmarks as "a badge of honor".</p><br>
<p>During the late 1920s, Trowbridge & Livingston designed 15 Broad Street, an L-shaped skyscraper that wrapped around 23 Wall Street to the south and east. To allow the inclusion of this truss, J.P. Morgan & Co. leased the air rights above 23 Wall Street to the Equitable Trust Company, for which 15 Broad Street was being constructed. Heavy timbers were placed on 23 Wall Streets roof to protect it while the skyscraper was being built. By then, 23 Wall Street did not have sufficient space for J.P. Morgan & Co.s needs, so the bank leased some space at 15 Broad Street in 1929. Trowbridge & Livingston prepared plans in 1930 for an addition to the Morgan building. The plans called for four rooms to be built above a small court on the southeast corner of the building at a cost of $74,000. As built, 23 Wall Street&#39;s top two floors had wrapped around that court and did not occupy the whole lot area.</p><br>
<h3>Mid- and late 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Even after the 1930 expansion was completed, J.P. Morgan & Co. still did not have space to fit all of its facilities at its Wall and Broad Street location. More space was rented elsewhere, such as the employees&#39; cafeteria, which was placed several blocks away at 120 Wall Street.</p><br>
<p>J.P. Morgan & Co. became the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company in 1959 following a merger with the Guaranty Trust Company. As part of the consolidation of the two companies, the bank sought to have its headquarters in one building. Morgan Guaranty considered constructing additional stories atop 23 Wall Street as well as replacing both structures with one headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Morgan Guaranty, which later became a subsidiary of holding company J. P. Morgan & Co., announced in 1985 that it would purchase and fully occupy a proposed tower at 60 Wall Street, a larger and more modern building two blocks to the east. Three years later, the company&#39;s operations were moved from 23 to 60 Wall Street. 23 Wall Street was renovated extensively in the 1990s as a training and conference facility for J.P. Morgan & Co. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), American Stock Exchange (AMEX), and J.P. Morgan & Co. considered a plan to create a financial "supercenter" on the block containing 23 Wall Street in 1992. The supercenter, to be developed by Olympia and York and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), would have consisted of a 50-story tower above two 50,000 ft2 trading floors. All the buildings on the block would have been demolished except for 23 Wall Street. After Olympia and York withdrew from the proposed supercenter because of its own financial difficulties, a team composed of J.P. Morgan & Co., Lewis Rudin, Gerald D. Hines, and Fred Wilpon took up the project. The NYSE withdrew from the project in 1993.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1990s, the NYSE proposed constructing a trading floor across from their existing building, in or next to 23 Wall Street. The NYSE proposed expanding its existing building eastward above Broad Street, closing it to vehicular traffic, and creating a glass-covered atrium above the street. The plan would have demolished several adjacent buildings for a new facility while retaining 23 Wall Street as a visitor center. The initial plan for the atrium by HLW International was widely criticized, as was a modification by Hugh Hardy, and the NYSE ultimately dropped the atrium proposal. During 2000, the NYSE signed an agreement with the New York City and New York state governments to acquire the block to the east, demolishing all structures except for 23 Wall Street to make way for a 50-story skyscraper designed by SOM. After Chase Manhattan Bank and J.P. Morgan & Co. merged, JPMorgan Chase also considered buying 23 Wall Street, but it decided instead to move its headquarters to Midtown Manhattan in 2001.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>23 Wall Street and the adjacent 15 Broad Street were sold in 2003 for $100 million to Africa Israel and Boymelgreen. Starck made the roof of 23 Wall Street into a garden and pool, accessible to the residents at 15 Broad Street. but the proposal was canceled in September 2004 after over a year of negotiations. Afterward, the developers began looking for retail tenants to move into 23 Wall Street. Africa Israel gained full control of the two buildings in 2007. Subsequently, they used 23 Wall Street for film shoots and broker events.</p><br>
<p>23 Wall Street was sold to a partnership of the China International Fund and Sonangol Group in 2008. The building remained unoccupied for several years, even though its brokers wished to lease the interior to a luxury retailer. In 2015, a Latitude 360 entertainment center was proposed for the space, though neighborhood residents strongly opposed the plan. Sam Pa, believed to be a key leader of the China International Fund and the Sonangol Group, was arrested the same year. In early 2016, as part of a settlement over the 15 Broad Street apartments, Africa Israel was ordered to complete the renovation of 23 Wall Street. Shortly afterward, artist Simon Birch planned to run a temporary art exhibition in the unused space, but the show was postponed and ultimately canceled because of a lack of funding.</p><br>
<p>Jack Terzi of JTRE Holdings contracted to purchase 23 Wall Street in August 2016 That December, Terzi began negotiating with clothing retailer Uniqlo, which wanted to lease 100,000 ft2 in the building. After several months, the buildings sale had still not been finalized, leading Terzi to sue Sonangol in late 2017. Terzi had refused to place a down payment for the building because Sonangol would not guarantee that none of the money would be given to Pa. In 2018, Sonangols request to dismiss the lawsuit was denied, and fitness chain Blink Fitness signed a lease for 20,000 ft2 in the basement. As part of a court settlement in January 2020, Terzi signed a 99-year lease for the building instead of buying it. Terzi had been given a period of free rent. By September 2021, Sonangol claimed that Terzi had defaulted on his lease. The building was still empty.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<p>Upon 23 Wall Street&#39;s completion, its design was generally praised. Architecture magazine wrote, "so now in the Morgan Banking House, they have established a new and high standard of artistic and practical excellence for private banks". A reporter for the Financial Times wrote in 2004: "There is plenty of architecture with a capital A on the exterior."</p><br>
<p>23 Wall Streets plain design became a defining feature of its architecture. During the buildings construction, consulting engineer W. E. S. Strong had predicted that it would be a "plain, massive structure which will be of very imposing aspect". The Sun said that "no attempt has been made in the planning of the new building to produce an elaborate or ornate structure". Time magazine wrote in 1923 that, even as structures like the New York Stock Exchange and the Chamber of Commerce "feel it necessary to label themselves quite plainly for the benefit of the man in the street", 23 Wall Street was not labeled with any name sign, only its address. A writer for The New York Times in 1930 wrote that 23 Wall Street "is impressive in its dignity, simplicity, and low height", characterizing it as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street" along with the New York Stock Exchange Building, Federal Hall, and Trinity Church. The Times subsequently described 23 Wall Street as an "unimpressive, gray five-story building". John Tauranac and Christopher Little wrote in their 1985 book Elegant New York that the plain design was "an act of conspicuous consumption on the grandest scale", considering the site&#39;s high price.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark designations</h3><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building&#39;s exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965. In its report about 23 Wall Street, the LPC wrote: "It is a fine marble building in perfect scale with its neighbors, at the north end of Broad Street, which widens at this point to create the illusion of a small square." Subsequently, 23 Wall Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,</p><br>
<h3>Media depictions</h3><br>
<p>23 Wall Street has been depicted in several media works. Shortly after its completion, the building was pictured in the photograph Wall Street (1915) by Paul Strand. The Whitney Museum of American Art described the photograph, taken from Federal Hall, as notable for "abstract formal patterns and structures". The building has been used for film shoots, such as for the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises, where it depicted the fictional Gotham City Stock Exchange. Part of the 2014 film Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles was also filmed at 23 Wall Street.</p><br>
<p>The Canute Peterson House is a historic residence in Ephraim, Utah, United States. In 1978, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1869 by Canute Peterson, an early Latter-day Saint leader in Sanpete County, it was designed by architect William H. Folsom.</p><br>
<p>Richard Nibley, brother of Mormon scholar Hugh Nibley, purchased and restored the home in the 1960s. For a time it was a bed and breakfast. However, in 2014, Cache Valley Bank (directly south) purchased and incorporated the old home into the newly constructed bank building. It is restored and open to the public for tours Monday-Friday 8:30 am – 5:00 pm.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Church, also known as Old Brick Church, or Newport Parish Church, is a historic church building, located in the unincorporated community of Benns Church, near Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. It is the oldest church in Virginia and oldest church in British North America of brick construction. According to local tradition the structure was built in 1632, but other evidence points to a date of 1682; see Dating controversy.</p><br>
<p>On October 15, 1966, St. Luke&#39;s was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historic and architectural distinction. In 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated the site a National Shrine in concert with the 350th anniversary of Jamestown.</p><br>
<p>Since 1954 Historic St. Lukes Restoration, doing business as Historic St. Lukes Church, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that maintains, preserves, promotes, and interprets the 17th-century, 100-acre historic site. Historic St. Luke&#39;s does not receive any federal, state, or municipal funding. All funding comes from private corporations, foundations, and individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Once known as "Old Brick Church", St. Lukes is described by College of William & Mary professor and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation architectural historian Carl Lounsbury as an Artisan Mannerism style in which masons and other builders both designed and built without the guiding hand of an architect. Other examples of such architecture include Bacons Castle in nearby Surry County, Virginia and exhibit Cavalier or Royalist sensibilities. St. Peter&#39;s Church in New Kent, Virginia is a later, less ornate style reflecting the Glorious Revolution of Dutch-English monarchs William & Mary.</p><br>
<p>The plan is that of a single room (29 ft × 65 ft) with a twenty-foot-square (20 ft&sup2;) tower at the west end. The walls are laid in a rough Flemish bond. The buttresses with sloping set-offs project prominently from three bays of the north and south walls. At both the east and west end of the church are crow-stepped gables, while unadorned turrets, corbelled slightly at their bases, decorate the corners of the building.</p><br>
<p>The original windows were replaced in the 19th century. Those Victorian windows remain in place today. The stained glass windows above the altar were produced in Germany. The current doors were added in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<h3>Parish affiliation</h3><br>
<p>Newport Parish dates from the formation of Warrosquyoake plantation. The details of parish and political entities are as follows:</p><br>
<p>1629 Warrosquyoake Parish formed</p><br>
<p>1634 Included in the list of original shires</p><br>
<p>1634 Isle of Wight County formed</p><br>
<p>1643 Divided into upper (Warrosquyoake) and lower parish (Newport)</p><br>
<p>1733 Brunswick Country formed from Isle of Wight County</p><br>
<p>1743 Lower sections of Warrosquyoake and Newport Parishes combined as Newport Parish and upper sections into Nottoway Parish (later Nottoway Parish became Southampton Parish).</p><br>
<p>1749 Southampton County formed from Isle of Wight County</p><br>
<p>1836 Christ Episcopal Church of Newport Parish in Smithfield, Virginia</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The architecture of Newport Parish Church is a combination of the 17th century room church embellished with Gothic features. Unlike the English Gothic church characterized by separate wings containing the nave, aisles and chancel, the room church reduces these divided spaces into a single rectangular space. All Virginia vernacular churches employ this room structure. In the case of Newport Parish, a simplified form of a rood screen, as in several extant English room churches, separates the nave from the chancel. In fact, in this edifice, the oldest Anglican church in the state, the essential features of the room church are all in place. They are:</p><br>
<p>Rectangular building</p><br>
<p>General ratio of 2:1 length to width</p><br>
<p>Oriented east-west</p><br>
<p>Main entrance via west door</p><br>
<p>Southeast vestry door</p><br>
<p>Single story sidewall elevation</p><br>
<p>East window.</p><br>
<p>Gothic features are principally in embellishments to the structure rather than major structural details:</p><br>
<p>steeply pitched A-roof with crow-stepped or curvilinear gables</p><br>
<p>Y-tracery windows with brick modillions</p><br>
<p>semi-circular arches at doorways with "embryonic pediments"</p><br>
<p>beamed ceilings with plaster</p><br>
<p>plain cornices</p><br>
<p>porches, buttresses, or towers.</p><br>
<h3>Brickwork</h3><br>
<p>The church itself is 60+1/2 ft east-west and 24+1/4 ft north-south in the clear.</p><br>
<p>The church is laid in Flemish bond in water tables, walls, and tower. The tower is an integral part of the structure unlike that of the Jamestown Church tower whose unfinished mortar joints on its east wall indicate that it was erected after the main church building and the clearly documented, added tower at St. Peter&#39;s Church, New Kent County. Unlike any other standing Virginia colonial church, there are two water tables each nine bricks high. The transitions from the water tables are accomplished using beveled bricks. There are no glazed headers in the walls that are 36 in wide at the foundations, 26 in thick in the walls, and 30 in thick in the tower.</p><br>
<p>Three buttresses with three ramps each support the north and south sides of the church, separating the walls into three bays and a chancel, each of which contains a Y-tracery window. The bevels of the buttresses follow the water table in height, each being nine bricks tall. The church is singular among standing churches in having buttresses: the only other documented buttresses are at the Jamestown Church of 1639 to 1647 and the second Bruton Parish Church of 1680.</p><br>
<p>The walls continue for 38 courses above the water tables. Obvious repairs are present throughout the building due to a storm that collapsed the walls in 1887 and include:</p><br>
<p>entire upper east wall</p><br>
<p>crow steps and towers on the gables</p><br>
<p>windows on the south and north walls</p><br>
<p>east side of the tower along the gables</p><br>
<p>two elliptical windows on the north and south sides of the porch</p><br>
<p>sills of some of the principal windows.</p><br>
<p>Two thousand bricks from the Jamestown Church of 1639–1647 were included in repairs during the 1890s.</p><br>
<h3>Roof</h3><br>
<p>The present roof, replaced in the 1950s is constructed internally of massive tie-beams and a plastered ceiling, though the original was most likely a principal rafter roof similar to that of the third Bruton Parish Church. The roof beams are decorated with chamfer and lamb&#39;s tongue moldings. The present slate shingles are, of course, not the original roofing material which most likely was cedar shingles or clapboards painted or covered with tar.</p><br>
<p>The ends of the east gable consist of a corbelled turret on the outside corners with eight crow steps rising to the middle. The crow steps on the west wall are truncated by the presence of the tower and so have only 1½ steps. Other colonial structures with gables are few and include Bacons Castle(1665) the second Bruton Parish Church, (1680s), and St. Peters Church, New Kent County (1701) all of which are characterized by Flemish curved gables instead of crow step gables. All of the cornices are modern replacements.</p><br>
<h3>Tower</h3><br>
<p>The tower, the only one known to be an original feature of a colonial church in Virginia, stands to the west of the main church building and is 18 ft east-west and 20 ft north-south at the outside ground level. It is 60 ft tall and consists of three stories. The corners of the first two stories of the three-story tower are embellished by rusticated brick quoins of a row of two horizontally raised bricks divided by a projecting row of thin bricks with a vertical V in the center. The third story, presumably added some time after the rest of the tower, is surmounted by a slate shingled, hipped roof with a modern weather vane at the crest. The southern and northern faces of the tower bear a single window on each story. From bottom to top they are: 1) an open oval ellipse three feet horizontally and two feet vertically; 2) a Y-tracery window matching the principal windows; and 3) a compass widow with a brick arch and louvers. The west façade is identical except that the lower story contains a round bricked arch with a simple, whitewashed tympanum above it. The bottom of the tower is open and serves as a porch.</p><br>
<h3>Windows</h3><br>
<p>The windows of St. Lukes Church are unique among colonial windows and the major element that gives the edifice an artisan mannerism character. The east window is a "great lancet consisting of two tiers of four circular-headed windows." The two bottom courses consist of rows of four round-headed windows above which are a row of gothic arched windows, three diamond-shaped windows, and a pair of elongated, horizontal triangles as spandrels. Each of the east windows as well as the Y-tracery windows in the rest of the church are separated by modillions of molded, rubbed brick consisting of an ovolo (convex) and fillet (flat) shapes and an ovolo sill. There is a small, elliptical window above the great window. The presence of a great window is indicated in a few other, early churches in Virginia, namely St. Peters, New Kent County (1701) and Upper and Lower Middlesex Country churches (1714 and 1717). Later churches without exception had chancel windows matching the principal windows on the north and south walls.</p><br>
<p>There are eight lancet windows on the north and south edifices and three on the tower (second story south, west, and north faces) similar in general construction to the great window. They each consist of a pair of steeply arched windows with a single, smaller spandrel window completing the arch and separated with rubbed brick in the form of ovolo and fillet moldings. The sills are also of identical ovolo molded bricks.</p><br>
<p>The present Tiffany-style, stained glass windows, despite local tradition to the contrary, do not replicate the original material that was diamond-paned, leaded glass. No Virginia colonial church had stained glass windows.</p><br>
<h3>Doorways</h3><br>
<p>The church displays the first recorded instance of the use of a main west entrance and a south entry placed in the extreme southeast corner of the church. Both doors are recent replacements, and the exact form of the western door is unknown.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance is through the tower archway by way of a large, semi-circular arch that is decorated by rubbed brick and am impost three bricks high at the lower end of the arch. The arch itself consists of voussoirs with plastered over, white bricks forming the interior of the arch. Above the arch is a primitive, triangular tympanum the lower line of which extends beyond the raked borders. It is embellished by a fascia on the outer course with a fillet and ovolo on the inner course. It was alternately decorated with white cement, a marble tablet, and now a wash of mortar.</p><br>
<p>The western inner entrance is now a wicket door patterned after that of Yeocomico Church although it is unpainted. The southern entrance is a square-headed, battened door with decorative, molded bricks in the shape of an ovolo surrounding it. The images from the Library of Congress site are worth study, for they show in the late 1950s a compass headed door at this entrance that is evidenced by brick repairs above the doorway.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The only written record of the interior is from 1746 in which the wives of justices and vestrymen were assigned a box pew in the northern corner of the chancel and young women of the parish were assigned their former pews. There is one original baluster (the second from the left end on the altar rail). The rood screen is based on footings discovered in the 1950s while the sounding board, that is 17th-century in origin, was found in 1894 in a barn at Macclesfield, a nearby plantation. The single baluster and sounding board are the only original interior appointments.</p><br>
<p>The original interior appointments were long ago destroyed and the present is a restoration from the 1950s. It consists of a square pew of each side of the altar, two box pews west of the chancel screen, and seventeen slip pews in the nave.</p><br>
<p>The pulpit is a reconstruction three-decker of 1950s origin; Rawlings postulates that a two-decker pulpit originally was built due to the lack of space for a clerk&#39;s desk.</p><br>
<p>The main aisle is T-shaped and paved with square bricks whose pattern is derived from the original floor. Under the pews are wooden, reproduction floors. At the west end of the church is a gallery that originally had oak balusters and was restored during the 1950s The interior of the tower shows a portion of original plaster under a piece of glass, and it is covered with "mortar wash on the walls and exposed beams". Portions of the wooden interior sills of the second-story tower windows may be original.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior (such as the rood screen, the kneeling rail, and a medieval-style bench east of the rood screen) are suppositions based the error prone 1950s restoration. The interior also contains a reproduction wooden baptismal font, various items of furniture, and various ecclesiastical furnishings of period 17th-century origin, though not original to the church itself.</p><br>
<h3>Summary</h3><br>
<p>St. Lukes Church is Virginias oldest church. Its construction demonstrates the progression from the crude, wooden churches of the early 17th century to more permanent brick structures leading to the simple room churches characteristic of the Virginia vernacular church in its full development, such as in Ware Church (1710–1715), a rectangular church with an unadorned exterior and elaborate triangular and semi-circular pediments. Like Yeocomico Church, such features as the bell tower, enclosed west porch, elaborate quoins, and Y-tracery windows belong to a formative period of church building whose features were soon to pass. The present restoration, according to architectural historians, leaves much to be desired in its fanciful and poorly documented elements:</p><br>
<p>"...the restorers let the assumed date of St. Luke&#39;s shape their assessment of the physical evidence."</p><br>
<p>"Although so much has been done for the church by so many – and a great deal of it admirable in both intention and execution – it must reluctantly be acknowledged that several false steps have been taken..."</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>Burials in the church cemetery include those of Virginia Lieutenant Governor Allie Edward Stakes Stephens and his wife; the couple were active in the movement to preserve the church. Also interred in the cemetery is Archibald Atkinson, who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1849.</p><br>
<h2>Dating controversy</h2><br>
<p>The dating of this church with Gothic elements is a matter of disagreement between local traditions and academic researchers. Some local sources had insisted that the church can be dated to 1632 until recent dendrochronology dated the building to 1682.</p><br>
<p>The basic argument that the current brick church (rather than an earlier building on the same site) was built in 1632 had been:</p><br>
<p>The vestry records were concealed by burial during the Revolutionary War by Colonel Josiah Parker. After they were dug up, they were read by his daughter, a Mrs. Cowper and other reliable witnesses, but then either used as wadding for muskets during the War of 1812. or simply crumpled into dust.</p><br>
<p>Local tradition links the name of a militia Colonel Joseph Bridger who is interred in the chancel of the church to its construction.</p><br>
<p>Bricks discovered in a roof collapse in 1887, or 1886, may bear the date 1632.</p><br>
<p>While the predominant gothic architectural elements or the church date to the late 1680s, others, such as buttresses, crow step gables, and the principal rafter roof were also found in some early 17th-century churches.</p><br>
<p>Other evidence calls into doubt the accuracy of these assertions:</p><br>
<p>It was common for several churches to be built on the same site generations apart. The presence of a brick church on this site does not mean that it was this brick church.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Bridger was born in 1628 and was four years old in 1632. Some sources cite clumsy efforts to link Bridger&#39;s father with the site, but his name was Samuel, and he cannot be documented as having come to America.</p><br>
<p>The bricks have indeterminate numerals that can be read as 1632 or 1682, and the numerals&#39; style does not match colonial scripts. The bricks also have a mortar coating indicating that they may have been re-used as interior bricks in later repairs, alterations, or new construction. The best case scenario is the bricks were part of an earlier church at the same site, then re-used as interior bricks in the 1680 church. However, Upton asserts the bricks are clearly forgeries.</p><br>
<p>Two other local figures, Charles and Thomas Driver, are also associated with the church, but they, like Colonel Bridger, are associated with records in the later 17th century when they were adults. There are two bricks in the third story of the tower bearing the initials CD and TD usually associated with these two men.</p><br>
<p>The architectural features of the building can all be documented in English churches of the later 17th century or much later time periods.</p><br>
<p>General historical data militate against the establishment of such an elaborate edifice in 1632 and generally agree with a date in the 1680s:</p><br>
<p>Other Virginia buildings from this period:</p><br>
<p>Bacon&#39;s Castle 1665</p><br>
<p>Jamestown Church circa 1690</p><br>
<p>2nd Bruton Parish Church 1681–83</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Parish Church 1690</p><br>
<p>Yeocomico Church 1706.</p><br>
<p>It is unlikely that one of these stylistically related buildings predates the others so significantly.</p><br>
<p>The association of Joseph Bridger with the church agrees with a date in the 1680s as do the local links to the Driver brothers (Rawlings 8; Upton 60).</p><br>
<p>Funding for the Jamestown Church of 1639 was such a problem that it took until 1647 to complete the church. Could a more elaborate church been constructed in sparsely populated Isle of Wight in 1632?</p><br>
<p>A compromise theory that the church was begun in the 1630s and then completed or modified fifty years later, resulting in the present edifice is also posited. According to this assertion, the church walls were laid in 1632 while the interior, and possibly the roof, were not completed until the 1680s. Evidence for this can be found in the bell tower that clearly shows that the lower two stories were built earlier than the upper story.</p><br>
<p>Mason, Rawlings, and Upton all agree that 1632 is far too early a date for this edifice:</p><br>
<p>Mason states, "Since...... point to a later date than the traditional one... it seems probable that the Old Brick Church was completed by Charles and Thomas Driver, as master workmen, under the direction of Colonel Joseph Bridger, about 1682, and that it succeeded an earlier brick church built on the same site, about 1632...".</p><br>
<p>Rawlings says, "Suffice it to say here that it seems hazardous to claim any date before 1665 and wiser to accept 1682 as the most likely year for its erection, as probably a second church on the same site."</p><br>
<p>And Upton asserts, "St Luke&#39;s similarities to... suggests a date in the fourth quarter of the seventeenth century for the Isle of Wight county building... the years around 1680... when a rectangular building based on the room churches, developed in rural England early in the same century, became the characteristic form of the Virginia vernacular church."</p><br>
<p>A recent study by The James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc., cites dendrochronological and architectural evidence that the church was constructed in the early 1680s.</p><br>
<h2>Current operations</h2><br>
<p>Since 1954, St. Lukes Church has been administered by Historic St. Lukes Restoration. The 100-acre historic site and museum provide guided tours for individuals and groups seven days per week between February and December – only closed in January. Visitors receive 45-minute guided tours beginning from the origins of the Anglican church through its restorations.</p><br>
<p>The Site is also available for private rentals including weddings, funerals, baptisms, and other special events. An independent board of directors administers ultimate oversight of annual operations, budgets, and fund raising projects.</p><br>
<h2>Current condition</h2><br>
<p>Since the most recent restoration project of 2012, St. Luke&#39;s is structurally well-preserved for years to come. Daily maintenance of the buildings and property remains a challenge.</p><br>
<p>As of April 2015 a major project is underway – the Historic St. Luke&#39;s Grounds Restoration Project (Phase 1). This $500,000 capital project is designed to restore the ponds, bridge, roadway, approaches, and landscaping and will provide responsible grounds management and access for decades to come. Phase 2 of this project is presently being explored.</p><br>
<p>The Winona County Courthouse is the seat of government for Winona County in Winona, Minnesota, United States. The 1889 Richardsonian Romanesque building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, art, and politics/government. It was nominated for being an artistic manifestation of Winona&#39;s prosperous riverboat and logging era. It was the first courthouse in Minnesota listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The original cost of the courthouse was $125,000. From the 1970s to 2000, nearly $2.5 million was spent restoring and remodeling the building, but on September 3, 2000, the ceiling of a fourth floor courtroom collapsed and broke fire sprinkler pipes, resulting in flooding the building with over 4,500 gal of water and causing much other damage. The county offices were relocated to other buildings, and the building was again renovated to repair water damage and to bring the building up to current standards.</p><br>
<p>The Col. Thomas C. Love House, also known as Love Ridge Fruit Farm, is a historic home located north of the town of Seymour, Webster County, Missouri. It was built after the American Civil War in 1868. The house itself is of Vernacular Italianate design, this type of architectural style, which was popular during the late 1860s to 1870s, is defined by features such as arches above the windows, and porches with several ornamental post that hold up the railing. The house is reminiscent of a plantation type farm house and it was probably Colonel Loves intention to run the farm like a southern plantation. The house has several bed rooms upstairs, including one that probably was the servants room, that room has a separate staircase that is very narrow. The house has a balcony to the east and the large front porch is two storied. The Love Ridge Farm had one of the largest apple orchards in the State of Missouri in 1904. The Love Ridge farm produced 10-percent of the apples for the State of Missouri in 1904.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Du Quoin State Fairgrounds are located in the city of Du Quoin in Perry County, Illinois, United States. The fairgrounds are located along USA Route 51 north of Illinois Route 14. The facilities include the DuQuoin State Fairgrounds Racetrack, an oval track that has hosted AAA, USAC and ARCA races since 1948. The fairgrounds are also home to a horse racing track which hosted the Hambletonian Stakes from 1957 to 1980 and the World Trotting Derby from 1981 to 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Du Quoin State Fairgrounds opened in 1923 under the leadership of horse breeder William R. Hayes. Hayes created the DuQuoin State Fair as a parallel event to the Illinois State Fair, which had banned gambling on horse races. To avoid competing for visitors, the Du Quoin State Fair began immediately after the Illinois State Fair closed; the Du Quoin fair traditionally ran through Labor Day weekend. The event was a financial success which attracted prominent entertainers and groups, many of whom also played the Illinois State Fair; the fair consequently became known as Illinois&#39; "little State Fair" or "second State Fair".</p><br>
<p>Du Quoin State Fairgrounds has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 1990. It is one of Perry County&#39;s two Registered Historic Places; the other, in Pinckneyville, is the Perry County Jail, now a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Perry County Jail, also known as the Perry County Jail Museum, is a history museum and historic jail in Pinckneyville, Illinois. Built in 1871, the jail was the second county jail used by Perry County. The countys first jail was built in 1833-34 and was demolished to make room for the new jail; it was a two-story brick building measuring 14 x on the interior, and it cost $750 to build. The legislature passed two separate private laws to enable Perry County to obtain funds for the second jails construction: one in 1865 to permit a tax levy, and the other in 1867 to permit the issuance of bonds. Although the county quickly solicited architects&#39; plans upon being permitted to issue bonds, four years passed before they announced their choice of the design created by Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford. The contractor was chosen in May, a superintendent named in July, and the building deemed complete in December.</p><br>
<p>The new brick jail was built by contractor E. Hough of Indianapolis for $14,150. The county sheriff&#39;s residence was attached to the jail, an arrangement which allowed the sheriff to oversee the jail at all times. The county used the jail until 1987, when a newer jail was built. The building housed county offices until 1993, when the Perry County Historical Society leased the building for a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000. It is one of two properties in Perry County on the National Register, along with the Du Quoin State Fairgrounds in Du Quoin.</p><br>
<p>The Voorhies Castle is a Victorian home located in Voorhies, a small community 4 mi south of Bement in Piatt County, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nels Larson, a Swedish immigrant who at one point controlled all the land in Voorhies, commissioned the house for himself in 1900; construction was completed in 1904. The two-story house was designed to resemble a Swedish palatial manor, and its name comes from its castle-like appearance; while its design resembles Queen Anne architecture, its symmetrical plan distinguishes it from the style. Its unusual appearance made it a local attraction which drew visitors from throughout central Illinois. After his wife Johannah&#39;s death in 1914, Larson abandoned his castle, which sat empty until the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The houses southern corners feature round turrets, each with a conical roof and a finial. While the turrets were originally a story taller than the house to provide views of the surrounding area, Larson later had them lowered for aesthetic reasons. The main entrance to the house, located between the turrets, features a portico with Doric columns and a balustrade along the second-story porch roof. The second story of the house is sided with scalloped wooden shingles, a Queen Anne-inspired element which contrasts with the roof shingles. In addition to the turrets, the roof includes both gabled and hipped sections and dormers, which is typical of Queen Anne works. Decorative iron pieces top the roofs various ridges, and Swedish-styled lightning rods are located in several places.</p><br>
<p>Larson also built a clock tower barn on his property in 1905. The clock tower stood 68 ft tall and included a Seth Thomas clockworks, which the company considered "the finest they could make". The tower&#39;s brass bell could reportedly be heard up to 5 mi away. A tornado destroyed the barn in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The City and Town Hall in downtown Rochelle, Ogle County, Illinois, United States, operates as the township history museum, holding a number of static displays on local history. Historically it served as the headquarters for city and township government as well as holding the offices of numerous state, local and national entities. The building was erected in 1884 following an 18-year disagreement about the structure&#39;s cost between the city of Rochelle and Flagg Township.</p><br>
<p>The two-story Italianate structure features several decorative elements and an 1863 Civil War cannon on its lawn. City and Town Hall has been listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places since 1992. The structure was designed by Bradley and Son, a Rockford firm, with input from a Rochelle alderman. In 1968 the building was saved from demolition upon the founding of the Flagg Township Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The building currently houses the historical societys Flagg Township Museum, with artifacts and exhibits about the areas history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though the City and Town Halls construction occurred in 1884, its history began 18 years earlier, in 1866. That year, the Flagg Township levied a township tax totaling US$3,000 for the purpose of constructing a township building. The project was to be a joint venture between Flagg Township and the city of Rochelle; the city was to provide an additional $3,000 to finance construction. Disagreements over the project eventually led to the city of Rochelles refusal to pay its share and, thus, construction was delayed indefinitely. The city specifically objected to the cost of the structure the township wanted. In 1869 the township purchased two more lots adjacent the future site of City and Town Hall; the total cost for the two lots was $2,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the city of Rochelle and the Flagg Township came to an agreement and cooperated to erect the City and Town Hall. John R. Steele, a local contractor, was hired to construct the building from local, red brick at a cost of $6,200. The building became the center for city politics in the small northern Illinois city of Rochelle and the city council made important decisions within its walls regarding the city throughout the last decades of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Some of the early decisions regarded city sidewalks and, in 1888, the creation of a fire district. Many meetings regarding the fire district and its boundaries were held at the City and Town Hall. Other early issues were the local liquor and saloon ordinance and the card playing and gambling ordinance. Election day in Rochelle and official polling places were established in 1885, both decisions were made within the walls of the City and Town Hall. In 1893 a lighting system for Rochelle&#39;s Washington Street was decided upon in the building. Local Civil War veterans had an 1863 Civil War cannon and 20 cannon balls placed in front of the City and Town Hall in 1899. The pyramid-shaped stack of cannonballs are no longer extant but the cannon remains on the corner of the lot.</p><br>
<p>From 1884 to 1968 both the city of Rochelle and Flagg Township used the building for its intended function. The Rochelle City Council chambers were located in the building for the entire period 1884–1968, as were the township meeting room and township board room. Other city and township offices were located in the building during that time span as well, of those the city clerks, the town clerks, the township supervisors and the city managers office occupied space in the building for the entire period spanning the years 1884–1968. The building also housed a "court room" during that period.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 the Flagg Township Historical Society took over the property. Under the direction of the historical society&#39;s founder, Franklin Kruger, the building was saved from demolition; a project which resulted in the foundation of the historical society. The building is currently being used as the Flagg Township Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is cast in the Italianate style and was designed by Bradley and Son of Rockford, Illinois. The buildings design was based on a sketch by Rochelle alderman Sam J. Parker. The two-story rectangular building is constructed from soft, red local bricks. All four elevations have decorative metal brackets and a brick entablature with dentils beneath the metal eaves. Each of the exterior corners of the building are adorned with white brick quoins. The City and Town Halls original hip roof was metal, it has since been replaced with asphalt roofing materials.</p><br>
<p>The first floors north facade is adorned with two double-hung windows with projecting segmented arch crowns and stone sills. Also on the north facade is the original main public entry door and an arched transom window. The window and door treatments throughout the exterior are similar to those found on the first floors north facade. The fire station doors, which were replaced after the fire station first moved from the building in 1931 and again in 1954, were eventually restored.</p><br>
<p>On the rear (south) facade is an attached one story structure that housed the mens jail cells. On its west facade the original steel and wood door is still extant and on its south facade there are three windows complete with metal bars. All of the jail buildings windows and doors feature arched brick crowns, a theme repeating from the two-story portion of the structure. While the brick entablature and dentil work both reflect the main two-story building, the jail building lacks the overhanging eaves and brackets. The rear elevation of the main building has one second floor window.</p><br>
<p>The original first floor layout contained room for the police station, fire station and, in 1891, the library. The building&#39;s vault was, and is, located near-center of the first floor. The original fire station occupied the entire east half of the building. At the rear (south) elevation is a one-story attached structure with its own entrance. It housed the jail cells in the original building and two cells are still intact. The entire second floor in the original 1884 floor plan was occupied by a meeting room save space for two small closets and the stairwell.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The City and Town Hall is most significant for its use as a public, governmental building. The period of greatest significance for the City and Town Hall is 1885–1942, between those years the building housed numerous governmental and political entities, at the local, state and national levels. Besides serving as the Rochelle City Council chambers from 1884 to 1968, the building housed many entities including: the fire station (1884–1930), police station and jail (1884–1931), township board and meeting rooms (1884–1968), and the library (1891–1912). Offices in the building have been utilized by a mayor, a federal marshal, a driver&#39;s license examining facility, a Social Security office, the Works Progress Administration office, probation officers and the unemployment office, among others.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Illinois Historic Sites Survey Inventory cited the building for its significance in two areas, architecture and education. The May 1972 survey form stated that its use as a public building from 1884 to 1970 and its current use as a museum justified its significance in these areas.</p><br>
<p>The North State Street Historic District is a nationally designated historic district in Monticello, Piatt County, Illinois. The residential district is centered on State Street north of downtown Monticello; it includes 77 buildings, 56 of which are considered contributing to its historic character. The houses in the district represent the variety of architectural styles seen in Monticello from 1870 to 1948, the ages of the oldest and newest houses. The oldest houses in the district are designed in the Gothic Revival and Queen Anne styles. In the early 20th century, Monticello experienced an economic boom due to growth in agriculture and the local patent medicine industry; its newly wealthy residents built homes on State Street, which became known locally as "Millionaires Row". The majority of these new homes had Colonial Revival designs, as the style was nationally popular at the time; Colonial Revival is still the districts predominant architectural style. Other designs featured in the district include Craftsman, Tudor Revival, and a Lustron house built in 1948. The district also includes several vernacular house types, such as the I-house and the bungalow.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 14, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The South Charter Street Historic District is a nationally designated historic district in Monticello, Piatt County, Illinois. The residential historic district includes all of South Charter Street from Marion Street to Sage Drive; it contains 73 buildings, 59 of which are considered contributing to its historic character. The houses display a variety of architectural styles and vernacular designs popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 17, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Part of South Charter Street formed one of the first two areas, known as the Out Lots, to be developed outside of Monticellos original town plat. The remainder came from a section known as Mary J. Piatts South Addition, which adjoined the southern Out Lot and was platted in 1858. By 1875, the Out Lots section of South Charter Street had been developed, but the section in the addition was still largely empty. From 1870 onward, the district was settled by new residents of Monticello; many of them came from Ohio, particularly Pickaway County. These residents and their families tended to occupy their new houses for a long time; in one case, the Coleman family and the McIntosh family occupied the house at 404 South Charter for a combined 130 years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Nine architectural styles and several vernacular designs are represented within the district. The Gothic Revival style was the first used in the district. Later in the 19th century, Italianate and Queen Anne homes</p><br>
<p>were built during periods of national popularity for the styles. The turn of the century saw several revival styles grow in popularity; the Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival, Classical Revival, Dutch Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival styles were all used in the district during this period. In addition, several American Craftsman style homes were built in the district in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Gabled Ell plan, which became popular following the Civil War, is the most common vernacular type in the district; it features an asymmetrical L- or T-shaped plan with a gable roof. Around the 1890s, I-houses and a pyramidal cottage house were built; the former is a two-story plan popular in the rural Midwest at the time, while the latter is a typical Southern design with a distinctive pyramidal hip roof. The bungalow and Foursquare types became popular in the district in the early 20th century, often in conjunction with American Craftsman elements.</p><br>
<p>Barry Historic District is a historic district comprising the commercial and older residential areas of Barry, Pike County, Illinois. Barry was founded as an agricultural community in the 1830s, and most of its development took place between its founding and the Civil War. The citys commercial core, however, was mainly built in 1894 after a fire destroyed most of the existing commercial buildings. The 1894 buildings are well-preserved examples of typical commercial architecture of the period, and several have metal storefronts. The district also includes Barrys "Diamond Hill" residential district on Mortimer Street east of Brown Street and several other residential sections. Prominent architectural styles in the residential areas include Italianate, Queen Anne, Carpenter Gothic, and vernacular types from the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1979.</p><br>
